You can't! The daily exercise of police authority in Rio de Janeiro : 1907-1930

The police of Rio de Janeiro had an important role in the reform of the city in the early twentieth century. The impetus to build a modem city influenced elite intellectuals to try to reform the police in the modem, scientific fashion. After the first wave of reforms receded, the police was abandoned to a less prominent role, and left without resources to carryon the modernising process, resulting in the need to develop their own methods of work derived from their daily experience. The main purpose of this thesis is to look closely at daily police activity, trying to show how policemen developed their ways of viewing the world and their procedures from the experiences they faced. From their contacts with state administrators, in the figure of the Chief of Police, with members of the elite. and with the vast majority of poor citizens, policemen began to define the extent and limits of their power, building their place in the networks of patronage and authority that permeated Rio's society. They had to combine an unchecked power to deal with those they classified as the criminal classes, composed of the dispossessed, and an attitude of subservience to the powerful, in a pattern that characterises twentieth-century policing in Rio de Janeiro

Caracterización de microplásticos en aguas naturales y residuales, y su influencia y separación en procesos biológicos de depuración

Tesis por compendio[ES] Los microplásticos (MPs) son partículas de material plástico menores que 5 mm que están siendo identificadas en el agua, tierra y aire. La presencia de estos contaminantes emergentes en el medio ambiente supone una preocupación global actualmente, ya que no se sabe con exactitud su concentración y composición debido a la falta de protocolos de cuantificación e identificación estandarizados en los diferentes medios donde se encuentran. Igualmente, se desconoce el alcance de los efectos negativos que podrían provocar en el medio ambiente. La presente tesis estudia la presencia de microplásticos en diferentes corrientes de agua residual y natural, así como en fangos de depuración generados en las estaciones depuradoras de aguas residuales. El objetivo principal de la tesis consiste en evaluar diferentes protocolos para la extracción de microplásticos contenidos en muestras con diferentes características, así como su cuantificación e identificación. Para ello, se propusieron metodologías para la extracción de microplásticos en matrices con elevada carga orgánica (licor mezcla, fango digerido anaeróbicamente y fango deshidratado) y también en efluentes residuales, así como en aguas naturales tratadas (potables) y sin tratar. Asimismo, se evaluaron los posibles efectos de la presencia de microplásticos en un proceso de depuración mediante un reactor biológico de fangos activos, así como la distribución de estas micropartículas en el fango y en el efluente depurado. Además, se contempló también la posible fragmentación de microplásticos en nanoplásticos (NPs) en un sistema de depuración de aguas residuales y, por lo tanto, también se evaluaron los posibles efectos de los nanoplásticos en la biomasa de los fangos activos. Se observó que cuanto mayor era la concentración de carga orgánica en una muestra más difícil era el proceso tanto de purificación de la muestra como de identificación de microplásticos. Por lo tanto, para las muestras de fango fue necesario aplicar protocolos más complejos de extracción de microplásticos. La peroxidación, demostró ser un tratamiento eficaz de todas las muestras estudiadas, resultando en la reducción de la materia orgánica y en la mejora de la identificación visual. En los ensayos con el reactor biológico se observó una acumulación significativa de microplásticos en el licor mezcla (fango activo) frente al efluente. Esta acumulación de microplásticos en el fango puede suponer la contaminación de los suelos agrícolas cuando estos son aplicados como fertilizantes. Con el objetivo de mitigar la contaminación de suelos agrícolas por microplasticos presentes en fangos, se propuso el uso de la técnica de ultrasonidos para la extracción de estas micropartículas presentes en el licor de mezcla. Mediante esta técnica, cantidades significativas de microplasticos fueron separadas de la matriz orgánica de los fangos, que es la que se aplica al campo. Finalmente, se estudió la presencia de microfibras en aguas naturales y potables mediante a técnica de tinción con Rojo Nilo con el objetivo de investigar la viabilibilidad y limitaciones de este método. Se observó que la emisión de fluorescencia, por parte de microfibras vírgenes y microfibras separadas de estas muestras de agua, puede manifestar diferentes comportamientos de fluorescencia lo cual podría estar relacionado con el grado de degradación de los materiales de las microfibras.[CA] Els microplàstics (MPs) són partícules de material plàstic menors que 5 mm que estan siguent identificades en l'aigua, terra i aire. Actualment, la presència d'aquests contaminants emergents en el medi ambient suposa una preocupació global, ja que no se sap amb exactitud la seua concentració i composició a causa de la falta de protocols de quantificació i identificació estandarditzats en els diferents medis on es troben. Igualment, es desconeix l'abast dels efectes negatius que podrien provocar en el medi ambient. La present tesi estudia la presència de microplàstics en diferents corrents d'aigua residual i natural, així com en fangs de depuració generats en les estacions depuradores d'aigües residuals. L'objectiu principal de la tesi consisteix a avaluar diferents protocols per a l'extracció de microplàstics continguts en mostres amb diferents característiques, així com la seua quantificació i identificació. Per a això, es van proposar metodologies per a l'extracció de microplàstics en matrius amb elevada càrrega orgànica (licor mescla, fang digerit anaeróbicamente i fang deshidratat) i també en efluents residuals, així com en aigües naturals tractades (potables) i sense tractar. Així mateix, es van avaluar els possibles efectes de la presència de microplàstics en un procés de depuració mitjançant un reactor biològic de fangs actius, així com la distribució d'aquestes micropartícules en el fang i en l'efluent depurat. A més, es va contemplar també la possible fragmentació de microplàstics en nanoplásticos (NPs) en un sistema de depuració d'aigües residuals i, per tant, també es van avaluar els possibles efectes dels nanoplásticos en la biomassa dels fangs actius. Es va observar que com més gran era la concentració de càrrega orgànica en una mostra, més difícil era el procés tant de purificació de la mostra com d'identificació de microplàstics. Per tant, per a les mostres de fang va ser necessari aplicar protocols més complexos d'extracció de microplàstics. La peroxidació, va demostrar ser un tractament eficaç de totes les mostres estudiades, resultant en la reducció de la matèria orgànica i en la millora de la identificació visual. En els assajos amb el reactor biològic es va observar una acumulació significativa de microplàstics en el licor mescla (fang actiu) enfront de l'efluent. Aquesta acumulació de microplàstics en el fang pot suposar la contaminació dels sòls agrícoles quan aquests són aplicats com a fertilitzants. Amb l'objectiu de mitigar la contaminació de sòls agrícoles per microplàstics presents en fangs, es va proposar l'ús de la tècnica d'ultrasons per a l'extracció d'aquestes micropartícules presents en el licor de mescla. Mitjançant aquesta tècnica, quantitats significatives de microplàstics van ser separades de la matriu orgànica dels fangs, que és la que s'aplica al camp. Finalment, es va estudiar la presència de microfibres en aigües naturals i potables mitjançant a tècnica de tinció amb Rojo Nil amb l'objectiu d'investigar la viabilibilitat i limitacions d'aquest mètode. Es va observar que l'emissió de fluorescència, per part de microfibres verges i microfibres separades d'aquestes mostres d'aigua, pot manifestar diferents comportaments de fluorescència la qual cosa podria estar relacionada amb el grau de degradació dels materials de les microfibres.[EN] Microplastics (MPs) are particles of plastic material smaller than 5 mm that are being identified in water, soil, and air. The presence of these emerging contaminants in the environment is currently a global concern since their concentration and composition are unknown exactly due to the lack of standardized quantification and identification protocols in the different media where they are found. Likewise, the extent of the negative effects that they could cause in the environment is unknown. This thesis studies the presence of microplastics in different streams of wastewater and natural water, as well as in sewage sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants. The main objective of the thesis is to evaluate different protocols for the extraction of microplastics contained in samples with different characteristics, as well as their quantification and identification. For this, methodologies were proposed for the extraction of microplastics in matrices with a high organic load (mixed liquor, anaerobically digested sludge, and dehydrated sludge) and also in wastewater, as well as in treated (potable) and untreated natural waters. Likewise, the possible effects of the presence of microplastics in a depuration process using an activated sludge biological reactor were evaluated and the distribution of these microparticles in the sludge and in the final effluent. In addition, the possible fragmentation of microplastics into nanoplastics (NPs) in a wastewater treatment system was also considered and, therefore, the possible effects of nanoplastics on the biomass of activated sludge were also evaluated. It was observed that the higher the concentration of organic load in a sample, the more difficult the process of both sample purification and microplastic identification. Therefore, for the sludge samples, it was necessary to apply more complex microplastic extraction protocols. Peroxidation proved to be an effective treatment for all the samples studied, resulting in the reduction of organic matter and the improvement of visual identification. In the tests with the biological reactor, a significant accumulation of microplastics was observed in the mixed liquor (activated sludge) compared to the effluent. This accumulation of microplastics in the sludge can lead to the contamination of agricultural soils when they are applied as fertilizers. To mitigate the contamination of agricultural soils by microplastics present in sludge, the use of the ultrasound technique was proposed for the extraction of these microparticles present in the mixed liquor. Through this technique, significant amounts of microplastics were separated from the organic matrix of the sludge, which is what is applied to the field. Finally, the presence of microfibers in natural and drinking water was studied using the Nile Red staining technique to investigate the feasibility and limitations of this method. It was observed that the fluorescence emission by virgin microfibers and microfibers separated from these water samples can show different fluorescence behaviors which could be related to the degree of degradation of the microfiber materials.Authors thank the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for the financial support (Reference of the project: RTI2018-096916-B-I00)Bretas Alvim, C. (2022). Caracterización de microplásticos en aguas naturales y residuales, y su influencia y separación en procesos biológicos de depuración [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185696TESISCompendi

Effectiveness of topical interventions to prevent or treat phlebitisrelated to intravenous therapy : a systematic review and metaanalysis

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2019.A flebite é uma reação inflamatória grave que pode ser causada pela terapia intravenosa de drogas hiperosmolares. Embora uma variedade de intervenções seja realizada em vários países diferentes, ainda não se sabe quais são os métodos mais eficientes. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a eficácia de intervenções tópicas na prevenção ou tratamento de flebites relacionadas à terapia intravenosa. Seguindo os Itens do Checklistpara Revisões Sistemáticas e Metanálises (PRISMA), desenvolveu-se umarevisão sistemática, cuja busca foi realizadaem sete bases eletrônicasde dados: Cinahl, Cochrane, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science. Utilizou-se uma estratégia de busca individual adaptada a cada base, e pesquisa bibliográfica adicional no Google Scholar, e na base Dissertação e Teses da ProQuest. Ensaios clínicos randomizados publicados entre 1998 e 2019 foram considerados, em que avaliasse qualquer intervenção tópica para prevenir ou tratar flebite relacionada à terapia intravenosa. Treze estudosavaliaram a eficácia de intervenções tópicas, como antiinflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), óleo de sésamo indicum, formulações de heparina sódica, chá e pomada de Chamomilla recutita e de Rosmarinus officinalis. Ao todo, 2.015 pacientes foram recrutados durante a hospitalização com diferentes tipos de terapias intravenosas, como reposição de fluidos, antibióticos, quimioterapia e infusão de antiarrítmicos. Todos os estudos usaram escalas visuais para classificar flebite de acordo com sinais e sintomas no local do cateter. No entanto, um alto nível de heterogeneidade entre os estudos dificultou uma análise quantitativa para estabelecer a melhor intervenção. Como parte importante da rotina de enfermagem, as complicações relacionadas à terapia intravenosa são foco constante de novos estudos, e novas evidências são constantemente descobertas para melhorar o processo de hospitalização dos pacientes, bem como seu bem-estar.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES).Phlebitis is a severe inflammatory reaction that can be caused by the intravenous therapy of hyperosmolar drugs. Although a variety of interventions are performed in several different countries, it is yet unknown what are the most efficient methods. This study aims to describe the effectiveness of topical interventions on the prevention or treatment of phlebitis-related to intravenous therapy. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses (PRISMA), a systematic review was developed, in seven different databases: Cinahl, Cochrane, Lilacs, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. An individual search strategy adapted for each one was used, and additional gray literature search was performed on Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertation & Theses. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)published between 1998 and 2019 were considered, in which any topical intervention was applied to prevent or treat phlebitis-related to intravenous therapy. This review evaluates 13 RCTs and compares the effectiveness of topical interventions, such as the application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Sesame indicum oil, heparin sodium formulations, Chamomilla recutita tea and ointment, and Rosmarinus officinalis ointment. A total of 2,015 patients were recruited during hospitalization treatment with different types of intravenous therapies, such as fluid replacement, antibiotics, chemotherapy, and antiarrhythmic drugs. All studies used visual scales for grading phlebitis according to signs and symptoms on the catheter site. However, a high level of heterogeneity between studies hindered a quantitative analysis to stablish the best intervention. As an important part of nursing routine, complications related to intravenous therapy are constant focus of new studies, and new evidences are constantly being discovered to improve the hospitalization process of patients as well as their wellbeing

Ecology of Anopheles darlingi Root with respect to vector importance: a review

Anopheles darlingi is one of the most important malaria vectors in the Americas. In this era of new tools and strategies for malaria and vector control it is essential to have knowledge on the ecology and behavior of vectors in order to evaluate appropriateness and impact of control measures. This paper aims to provide information on the importance, ecology and behavior of An. darlingi. It reviews publications that addressed ecological and behavioral aspects that are important to understand the role and importance of An. darlingi in the transmission of malaria throughout its area of distribution. The results show that Anopheles darlingi is especially important for malaria transmission in the Amazon region. Although numerous studies exist, many aspects determining the vectorial capacity of An. darlingi, i.e. its relation to seasons and environmental conditions, its gonotrophic cycle and longevity, and its feeding behavior and biting preferences, are still unknown. The vector shows a high degree of variability in behavioral traits. This makes it difficult to predict the impact of ongoing changes in the environment on the mosquito populations. Recent studies indicate a good ability of An. darlingi to adapt to environments modified by human development. This allows the vector to establish populations in areas where it previously did not exist or had been controlled to date. The behavioral variability of the vector, its adaptability, and our limited knowledge of these impede the establishment of effective control strategies. Increasing our knowledge of An. darlingi is necessary

Digestible lysine and threonine requirements of male turkeys and their effects on performance of male turkeys fed practical diets to market age

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on November 10, 2010).The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file.Dissertation advisor: Dr. David R. Ledoux.Vita.Ph. D. University of Missouri--Columbia 2008.Seven experiments were conducted to determine the minimum requirements of digestible lysine (dLys) and digestible threonine (dThr) from 1 to 21 weeks of age for male turkeys. Requirement values were similar to NRC (1994) recommendations, after application of digestibility coefficients. The minimum requirements for dLys and dThr were then used to formulate low crude protein diets for male turkeys from 1 to 18 weeks of age, using safety factors of 0, 5 and 10% over the minimum amino acid requirements, compared with an industry average diet. Results indicate that a low crude protein diet formulated with a 10% safety factor with respect to the minimum recommended levels of digestible AA did not negatively affect performance, carcass, or meat yield, and resulted in significantly higher revenues as compared with an industry standard diet.Includes bibliographical references (p. 182-194)

The impact of COVID ‐19 on franchising in emerging markets: An example from Brazil

publishedVersio