Modelling of nitrogen oxides formation applying dimensional analysis

The article presents the procedure for how to establish a mathematical model of nitrogen oxides formation based on the theory of dimensional analysis. The model is based on selected physical quantities (parameters) measurable during regular operation of a heat generation plant. The objective of using dimensional analysis to describe nitrogen oxides formation is to show that between operating parameters of the combustion equipment and the NOx formation there is a significant correlation. The obtained results, which are further described in this article, have proved this fact. The obtained formula expressing nitrogen oxides formation, based on dimensional analysis, applies universally to any boiler fuelled by coal, gas or biomass. However, it is necessary to find C, m, n constants for the formula by experiment, individually for each type of boiler and used fuel. The experiment is based on on-line measurements of selected operational parameters for a given boiler, combusting a certain type of fuel with its actual moisture content and calorific value. The methodology, described in this article, helps to find relationships between the operational parameters and the formation of NOx emissions for a particular furnace. The developed mathematical model has been validated with boilers fuelled by black coal and biomass. Both the results obtained from direct measurements of NOx in both types of boilers, and the results obtained by calculation using equation based on the dimensional analysis, are in a very good accord. When burning coal, the variation between NOx expression from the model and the on-line measurements ranges between -12.23 % and + 9.92 %, and for burning biomass between -0.54 % and 0.48 %. The intention of the authors is to inform the professional community about the suitability of the dimensional analysis to describe any phenomena for which there is currently no exact mathematical formulation based on differential equations or empirical formulas. Many other examples of dimensional analysis applications in practice may be found in the work of Carnogurska and Prihoda (2011)

System wyznaczania i modelowania wariantów poprawy efektywności energetycznej budynków

The greatest potential for energy savings can be achieved in the residential sector, where nearly 40% of final energy consumption is spent in all the types of buildings. That’s why the energy saving is the key goal of this age, because big part of the produced energy is spent just in dwellings, in which we live and work. Main part of spent energy in dwellings represents the space heating. So it is important to know how much energy is needed for the dwelling operation and what the opportunities to decrease the total energy are.Największy potencjał oszczędności energii tkwi w sektorze mieszkaniowym, który pochłania prawie 40% całkowitego jej zużycia dla wszystkich rodzajów budynków. Oszczędzanie energii jest obecnie kluczowym celem działań, ponieważ duża jej część jest zużywana w mieszkaniach, w których żyjemy i pracujemy. Pokaźna część energii w mieszkaniach jest zużywana na ich ogrzewanie. W związku z tym ważne jest, aby wiedzieć, ile energii potrzeba do prawidłowego funkcjonowania mieszkania i jakie są możliwości obniżenia jej zużycia

Gazociąg Nabucco - rozwiązanie dla słowackiego gazu ziemnego

EU signifies Nabucco gas pipeline as one of its priorities in effort of diversification of power sources and transport routes. There is still question-mark over its existence. The goal of Nabucco gas pipeline is to bring Caspian gas on EU markets and pass by Russian territory. In the second phase pipeline from Iran will be attached to it. Gas pipeline will start in Turkish town Erzurum and will route across Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary to Austria where it will be attached to Baumgarten.Unia Europejska określa gazociąg Nabucco jako jeden z priorytetowych sposobów dywersyfikacji energii i dróg transportu. Nadal jednak jego istnienie pozostaje pod znakiem zapytania. Zadaniem gazociągu Nabucco jest doprowadzenie poprzez terytorium Rosji kaspijskiego gazu ziemnego do unijnych odbiorców. W drugiej fazie podpięty zostałby gazociąg z Iranu. Gazociągi miałyby swój początek w tureckim mieście Erzurum, potem przebiegałyby przez terytorium Turcji, Bułgarii, Rumunii i Węgier do Austrii, skąd byłyby kierowane do Baumgarten