Ensilaje de maíz y su influencia sobre parámetros productivos en vacas mestizas del trópico

Corn silage and its influence on productive parameters in crossbred cows from the tropics  Resumen  El objetivo de esta investigación reside en determinar si adicionar ensilaje de maíz (Zea mays) en la alimentación de las vacas mejora sus parámetros productivos y composicionales en leche en periodos de sequía. Las (n=16) vacas mestizas utilizadas tenían un peso corporal de 400 a 500 kilos, condición corporal de 2,5 a 3,0 (Escala 1 al 5). Se utilizaron ocho repeticiones por grupo de vaca, al grupo tratante se adiciono (10/kilos/vaca/día/silo-maíz) más un grupo testigo (0/kilos/vaca/día/silo-maíz) durante 138 días. Los datos se procesaron mediante la prueba de T para observaciones no apareadas para parámetro producción leche para porcentajes proteína prueba de Friedman, operando paquete estadístico Infostat versión (2010). Adicionar (10/kilos/vaca/día/silo-maíz) registró diferencias significativas (p˂0,01) sobre producción leche en los meses: Noviembre, Diciembre y Enero al compararlos con el tratamiento testigo (0/kilos/vaca/día/silo-maíz). No hubo diferencias significativas (p˃0,05) sobre los porcentajes proteína en leche comparando ambos tratamiento. Se concluye que adicionar 10 kilos de ensilaje de maíz vaca día en época de escases de alimento mejora significativamente la producción de leche además deja una tasa de retorno marginal del 67% Palabras clave: Ensilaje de maíz, producción leche, porcentaje proteína, vacas mestizas.   Abstract The objective of this research is to determine if adding maize silage (Zea mays) in the feeding of cows improves its productive and compositional parameters in milk during periods of drought. The (n = 16) mestizo cows used had a body weight of 400 to 500 kilos, body condition of 2,5 to 3,0 (Scale 1 to 5). Eight replications per cow group were used, the treatment group was added (10/kg/cow/day/silo-corn) plus one control group (0/kg/cow/day/silo-corn) for 138 days. Data were processed using the T-test for unpaired observations for parameter milk production for percent protein Friedman test, operating statistical package Infostat version (2010). (10/kg/cow/day/silo-maize) showed significant differences (p˂0.01) on milk production in the months: November, December and January when compared with the control treatment (0/kg/cow/day/Silo-maize). There were no significant differences (p=0,05) on protein percentages in milk comparing both treatment. It is concluded that adding 10 kilos of corn silage cow day in season of food shortages significantly improves milk production in addition leaves a marginal rate of return of 67% Keywords: Corn silage, milk production, protein percentage, crossbred cow

Ensilaje de maíz y su influencia sobre parámetros productivos en vacas mestizas del trópico

The objective of this research is to determine if adding maize silage (Zea mays) in the feeding of cows improves its productive and compositional parameters in milk during periods of drought. The (n = 16) mestizo cows used had a body weight of 400 to 500 kilos, body condition of 2,5 to 3,0 (Scale 1 to 5). Eight replications per cow group were used, the treatment group was added (10/kg/cow/day/silo-corn) plus one control group (0/kg/cow/day/silo-corn) for 138 days. Data were processed using the T-test for unpaired observations for parameter milk production for percent protein Friedman test, operating statistical package Infostat version (2010). (10/kg/cow/day/silo-maize) showed significant differences (p˂0.01) on milk production in the months: November, December and January when compared with the control treatment (0/kg/cow/day/Silo-maize). There were no significant differences (p=0,05) on protein percentages in milk comparing both treatment. It is concluded that adding 10 kilos of corn silage cow day in season of food shortages significantly improves milk production in addition leaves a marginal rate of return of 67% Keywords: Corn silage, milk production, protein percentage, crossbred cowsEl objetivo de esta investigación reside en determinar si adicionar ensilaje de maíz (Zea mays) en la alimentación de las vacas mejora sus parámetros productivos y composicionales en leche en periodos de sequía. Las (n=16) vacas mestizas utilizadas tenían un peso corporal de 400 a 500 kilos, condición corporal de 2,5 a 3,0 (Escala 1 al 5). Se utilizaron ocho repeticiones por grupo de vaca, al grupo tratante se adiciono (10/kilos/vaca/día/silo-maíz) más un grupo testigo (0/kilos/vaca/día/silo-maíz) durante 138 días. Los datos se procesaron mediante la prueba de T para observaciones no apareadas para parámetro producción leche para porcentajes proteína prueba de Friedman, operando paquete estadístico Infostat versión (2010). Adicionar (10/kilos/vaca/día/silo-maíz) registró diferencias significativas (p˂0,01) sobre producción leche en los meses: Noviembre, Diciembre y Enero al compararlos con el tratamiento testigo (0/kilos/vaca/día/silo-maíz). No hubo diferencias significativas (p˃0,05) sobre los porcentajes proteína en leche comparando ambos tratamiento. Se concluye que adicionar 10 kilos de ensilaje de maíz vaca día en época de escases de alimento mejora significativamente la producción de leche además deja una tasa de retorno marginal del 67% Palabras clave: Ensilaje de maíz, producción leche, porcentaje proteína, vacas mestizas. 

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research