From Carpathian gasoline plants to the modern petroleum industry of Ukraine

The paper describes the origin of petroleum refining industry and the current state of oil refining in Ukraine

Synthesis and Properties of Peroxy Oligomers Obtained by Telomerization Effects of the Presence of Bases

New bifunctional oligomers bearing peroxy groups have been synthesized by telomerization in one step reaction. For obtaining oligoperoxides (PO) by telomerization method, epoxide compounds will react with substances containing labile hydrogen atom. Using the principle of stochiometric imbalance between diepoxy compounds and substances with mobile hydrogen atoms and employing a functional peroxide as telogen, the synthesis of PO was studied. 2,2–Di[4–(2,3–epoxy–1-propoxy)phenyl]–propane (diglycidyl ether of diphenylol propane - DGEDPP), 1,2–Di (2,3–epoxy–1-propoxy) ethane (diglycidyl ether of ethylene glycol -DGEEG) and 1,2–Epoxy–3–tert–butylperoxypropane (EP) have been synthesized by methods reported in the literature. Chemical structures have been confirmed by NMR and FTIR, number-average molecular weights Mn of POs by cryoscopy, active oxygen content [O]act. for POs was determined by iodometry and epoxy number (e.n.) for POs was measured via direct titration of PO samples. A 50% solution of potassium or sodium isopropylates in 2-propanol is used to catalyze the telomerisation. Different parameters such as ratio of components, temperature, reaction time have been optimized in vu to get well defined peroxy oligomers. The presence of peroxy groups in synthesized POs allows us to employ these compounds as curing agents for polymers containing unsaturated double bonds and may be used to improve performance of unsaturated polyester GFR systems

Nanokompozyty poli(tereftalan butylenu)/nanorurki węglowe. Cz. I. Funkcjonalizacja nanorurek węglowych i synteza in situ

Functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been carried out. As a functionalization agent epoxy peroxide was used. The success of the MWCNTs functionalization was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) based nanocomposites have been prepared by a two-step melt polycondensation method (in situ synthesis). The nanocomposites containing from 0.1 to 0.3 wt % of modified (EpMWCNTs) and unmodified (MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes were prepared.Przeprowadzono funkcjonalizację wielościennych nanorurek węglowych (MWCNT) przy użyciu epoksynadtlenku i potwierdzono jej efektywność metodami spektroskopii Ramana i analizy termograwimetrycznej (TGA). Następnie metodą polikondensacji w stanie stopionym (synteza in situ) otrzymano nanokompozyty na osnowie poli(tereftalanu butylenu) (PBT) z udziałem 0,1—0,3 % mas. modyfikowanych (EpMWCNT) lub niemodyfikowanych wielościennych nanorurek węglowych (MWCNT)

Usieciowane mieszaniny epoksydowo-izocyjanianowe zawierające żywicę Epidian-6 modyfikowaną glikolami

Polymeric films of cross-linked structure may be formed using epoxy-isocyanate blends composed of Epidian-5 epoxy resin, 4,4'-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI), Z-1 polyamine hardener and Epidian-6 epoxy resin modified by glycols. The effect of the component natures and ratio, process temperature and time on the gel-fraction content, as well as film hardness, was examined. The chemistry of the film forming process was determined using infrared-spectroscopy (IR).Z mieszaniny epoksydowo-izocyjanianowej, otrzymanej z żywicy epoksydowej Epidian-5, utwardzacza Z-1 i diizocyjanianu 4,4'-metylenodifenylu (MDI), oraz żywicy epoksydowej Epidian-6 zmodyfikowanej glikolami wytwarzano folie polimerowe o usieciowanej strukturze chemicznej. Oceniano wpływ składu jakościowego i ilościowego mieszaniny, temperatury oraz czasu reakcji na zawartość frakcji żelowej gotowych folii polimerowych i ich twardość. Przebieg procesu formowania folii badano metodą spektroskopii w podczerwieni (IR)

Nanokompozyty poli(tereftalan butylenu)/nanorurki węglowe. Cz. II. Struktura i właściwości

The properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) based nanocomposites filled with MWCNTs (multiwall carbon nanotubes) and epoxy peroxide functionalized MWCNTs (EpMWCNTs) have been studied. The analysis was focused on the influence of EpMWCNTs on the phase structure, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of synthesized materials. Functionalized MWCNTs were observed to be highly dispersed and well integrated in the PBT matrix. Obtained results demonstrate that the incorporation of EpMWCNTs into the PBT matrix yields materials of enhanced thermo-oxidative stability. It was found that the crystallization temperature for all the obtained nanocomposites is slightly higher than that for the neat polymer. Increasing the concentration of nanofiller in both MWCNT and EpMWCNT systems improved the mechanical properties Young's modulus, tensile strength and fracture strain. The electrical conductivity of nanocomposites decreased due to the functionalization of MWCNTs with epoxy peroxide.Scharakteryzowano, otrzymane w Cz. I., nanokompozyty na osnowie poli(tereftalanu butylenu) (PBT) napełnionej wielościennymi nanorurkami węglowymi, niemodyfikowanymi (MWCNT) lub funkcjonalizowanymi epoksynadtlenkiem (EpMWCNT). Zbadano wpływ EpMWCNT na strukturę fazową, właściwości termiczne, mechaniczne i elektryczne otrzymanych materiałów. Potwierdzono dobrą dyspersję i integrację EpMWCNT w matrycy PBT. Otrzymane wyniki świadczą o korzystnym wpływie funkcjonalizowanych nanorurek węglowych na stabilność termooksydacyjną materiału. Temperatura krystalizacji każdego z wytworzonych nanokompozytów jest wyższa niż nienapełnionego polimeru. Zaobserwowano poprawę właściwości mechanicznych nanokompozytów zarówno z MWCNT, jak i z EpMWCNT ze zwiększeniem zawartości nanonapełniacza. Nanokompozyty z udziałem nanorurek sfunkcjonalizowanych epoksynadtlenkiem wykazały gorsze przewodnictwo elektryczne niż nanokompozyty z udziałem nanorurek niemodyfikowanych

Synteza i właściwości karboksylowej pochodnej monometakrylanu Epidianu 6

We present the synthesis of an oligomer with carboxy and methacrylic groups based on Epidian 6. The effect of the catalyst nature and amount, solvent nature and process temperature on the rate of the reaction between Epidian 6 monomethacrylate and adipic acid was examined at 313, 323 and 333 K in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, 1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and benzyltriammonium chloride. The synthesized oligomer was characterized using chemical and IR-spectroscopic analyses. We suggest the use of the synthesized product as an active additive to epoxy-oligoesteric blends based on Epidian 5. The chemistry of the film forming process has been determined using IR-spectroscopy.Na bazie żywicy epoksydowej Epidian 6 w temp. 313, 323 oraz 333 K w obecności 4-dimetyloaminopirydyny, 1,4-diazobicyklo[2.2.2]oktanu oraz chlorku benzylotriamoniowego otrzymywano oligomery zawierające grupy karboksylowe i metakrylowe. Zbadano wpływ ilości i rodzaju użytego katalizatora, rozpuszczalnika oraz temperatury procesu na szybkość reakcji monometakrylanu Epidianu6 z kwasem adypinowym. Zsyntetyzowany oligomer charakteryzowano metodami chemicznymi i na podstawie analizy FT-IR. Przebieg procesu formowania cienkich warstw (błon) badano za pomocą spektroskopii w podczerwieni. Uzyskany produkt może być wykorzystany jako aktywny dodatek do mieszanin epoksydowo-oligoestrowych wytwarzanych z żywicy Epidian 5

Influence of Modified Epoxy Dian Resin on Properties of Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR)

Due to the increasingly higher requirements for rubber vulcanizates, following the example of previous research on the effect of resin addition on mechanical properties and adhesion of rubbers, the following studies investigated the relationship between the addition of adipic acid-modified epoxy dian resin (ED-24 AK) to butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR). It can be seen that the addition of ED-24 AK, compared to the reference additive ED-20 (Epidian 5), additionally increase crosslinking density of the system, changes its mechanical and tribological properties, and exerts a positive effect on adhesion of the rubber vulcanizates to glass fiber. ED-20 and ED-24 AK resins do not enter the structure of the vulcanized rubber but act as the additives. ED-20 acts without changes in its structure, and ED-24 AK is a partially crosslinked additive. Modification, especially with ED-24 AK, makes mechanical strength of NBR increased even up to 240% in comparison to virgin rubber vulcanizate. This is responsible for lower friction of the vulcanizates. The decrease in the friction force of NBR due to the modified dian resin addition can reach up to 40%. Adhesion of the modified NBR to glass fibers increases due to its modification with the epoxy resins, however this time the ED-24 is more efficient than ED-24 AK reaching ca. 50% increase comparing to ca. 20% improvement, respectively. The best performance of the resins Generally, the best modification results were obtained when the addition of resins did not exceed 5 phr

Bitumen Binders Modified with Sulfur/Organic Copolymers

With the continuing growth of waste sulfur production from the petroleum industry processes, its utilization for the production of useful, low-cost, and environmentally beneficial materials is of primary interest. Elemental sulfur has a significant and established history in the modification of bitumen binders, while the sulfur-containing high-molecular compounds are limited in this field. Herein, we report a novel possibility to utilize the sulfur/organic copolymers obtained via the inverse vulcanization process as modifiers for bitumen binders. Synthesis and thermal characterization (TGA-DSC) of polysulfides derived from elemental sulfur (S8) and unsaturated organic species (dicyclopentadiene, styrene, and limonene) have been carried out. The performance of modified bitumen binders has been studied by several mechanical measurements (softening point, ductility, penetration at 25 °C, frass breaking point, adhesion to glass and gravel) and compared to the unmodified bitumen from the perspective of normalized requirements concerning polymer-modified bitumen. The interaction of bitumen binder with sulfur/organic modifier has been studied by means of FTIR spectroscopy and DSC measurements. The impact of the modification on the performance properties of bitumen has been demonstrated. The bitumen binders modified with sulfur/organic copolymers are in general less sensitive to higher temperatures (higher softening point up to 7 °C), more resistant to permanent deformations (lower penetration depth), and more resistant to aging processes without intrusive deterioration of parameters at lower temperatures. What is more, the modification resulted in significantly higher adhesion of bitumen binders to both glass (from 25% up to 87%) and gravel surfaces in combination with a lower tendency to form permanent deformations (more elastic behavior of the modified materials)