The Southern Frontier of the Meroitic State: The View from Jebel Moya

The site of Jebel Moya, excavated in the early twentieth century, represents arguably the largest pastoral mortuary complex in Africa. Jebel Moya is resituated in relation to the neighbouring Meroitic-era agro-pastoral settlements and the only known Meroitic trading station (Sennar) in the southern Gezira Plain, Sudan. It is the first time that the known localities in the southern Gezira and southern Meroitic cemeteries have been compared, in an attempt to elucidate the different social organisation reflected in mortuary assemblages between the core and the periphery of the Meroitic State. New questions are posed for (1) the applicability of mortuary theory to pastoral cemeteries, and (2) the nature of zones of interaction on the frontier of the Meroitic State, through the application of new statistical and spatial analyses of the mortuary assemblages and the site’s reinterpretation as a pastoral, instead of an agro-pastoral, mortuary complex

Jebel Moya (Sudan): new dates from a mortuary complex at the southern Meroitic frontier

This paper proposes a new chronology for the burial complex at Jebel Moya, south-central Sudan. It reassesses the body of evidence from Sir Henry Wellcome's original 1911–1914 excavations in order to place the site within a firm chronological framework by: (a) applying an attribute-based approach to discern discrete pottery assemblages; and (b) applying initial OSL dates to facilitate the reliable dating of this site for the first time. Jebel Moya is re-interpreted as a burial complex situated on the southern periphery of the late Meroitic state, and its potential to serve as a chronological and cultural reference point for future studies in south-central and southern Sudan is outlined

Interactions and Pastoralism Along the Southern and Southeastern Frontiers of the Meroitic State, Sudan

The Nilotic Meroitic state, in what is now the Sudan, existed from the late fourth century BC until the mid fourth century AD. It has come to be regarded in recent years as an African segmentary state with a prestige-goods economy, less centralised than, for example, Egypt, with direct control by the ruling family diminished outside the Shendi Reach (central Sudan). Outbound trade from its capital Meroe included ebony, elephants, gold, iron, ivory and ostrich feathers. Trade routes criss-crossed the desert and extended down the Nile river to Greco-Roman Egypt, as well as through Red Sea ports to several Middle Eastern destinations including Egypt. Using the southern and southeastern reaches of the Meroitic state as a case study, I argue that to conceptualise the frontier peripheries of early states as borders is to misunderstand their internal dynamics (movements of people, fluid social networks and regional exchange systems). Each region had its own distinctive form of power relations. Examining how communities in these frontier zones were constituted, inscribed their identities in the landscape and facilitated trade in relation to the core of the Meroitic state in the Shendi Reach draws attention to the fluidity and continual renegotiation of state–pastoral relations

Early North African Cattle Domestication and Its Ecological Setting: A Reassessment

Nearly four decades have passed since an independent North African centre for cattle domestication was first proposed in 1980, based on the Combined Prehistoric Expedition’s work in the Nabta Playa—Bir Kiseiba region of southern Egypt, and the initial rigorous debates between Andrew B. Smith and Fred Wendorf, Romuald Schild and Achilles Gautier. More recently, geneticists have entered the fray with determinations on the spread of haplotypes, and the timing thereof, that extend the scope and increase the complexity of the debate. Here, a new look at the botanical data and a re-analysis of the geology of Bir Kiseiba–Nabta Playa rejects the ecological foundations of the early African domestication model, while a detailed examination of the published osteological and radiometric data from the same area reveals a more nuanced picture than has been recognised to date. These results are placed into context by a wider review of the genetic and other archaeological evidence from the Western Desert of Northeast Africa, where no other cattle remains designated as domesticated have been found. It is concluded that (a) Bos remains from the early Holocene at Nabta Playa—Bir Kiseiba were those of hunted aurochs; (b) domesticated caprines were likely present in Northeast Africa before domesticated cattle; and (c) the domesticated cattle spreading across Northeast and northern Africa, including Nabta Playa—Bir Kiseiba, from the late seventh millennium BC or early sixth millennium BC onwards were descendants of Bos taurus domesticated in the Middle Euphrates area of the Middle East

The Emergence of Mobile Pastoral Elites during the Middle to Late Holocene in the Sahara

Different emphases on ideological, socio-economic and technological changes have been brought to bear on the cultural variability made materially manifest in pre-Iron Age Saharan pastoral societies. The models have ranged from limited or no complexity before iron production to transient mobile elites across the Sahara, to socially complex communities from the mid-Holocene onwards in the Central Libyan Sahara, and to permanent elites with complex social structures. Here, ethnographic cultural variability is stressed, previous models detailed, and data for the Eastern and Central Sahara summarised and analysed. The emerging picture is of a mosaic of population movements, clustering and experimentation resulting in transient peaks of wealth and the potential for incipient social complexity to become temporarily or permanently manifest. Saharan social diversity serves as a warning against linear models and highlights the importance of an explanatory framework for investigating the evolution of social structures outside of permanently settled communities for North Africa

The chronological and social implications of the pottery from Jebel Moya (south-central Sudan)

Continued research at Jebel Moya shows that this burial and habitation site has a very long chronology and was the locus for a number of activities. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of pottery from stratified contexts from the new field seasons, utilizing a statistical attribute approach that provides both clarity and avenues for further research. The stratigraphic sequence and radiometric dates show that the site was inhabited from at least the late 6th millennium to 2000 years ago. Our analyses reveal previously unknown types of pottery and a wider range within assemblages. Overall, there is a longer period of mid-late Holocene habitation than previously recognised. Results are considered within a broader contextual and comparative approach with central Sudan, showing the importance of rethinking networks between south-central and central Sudan

Prehistory of Sudan

The Republic of Sudan, northeast Africa, is bordered by Egypt, Libya, Chad, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. To the east there is the Red Sea. With an area of 1,886,068 square kilometers, it is the third largest country in Africa. The country is marked by diversity in terms of environment, archaeology, and ways of living. The most well-known archaeological remains and periods are the pyramids from the Kingdom of Kerma (2500–1500 BC), the rise of the Kingdom of Kush (c. 785 BC–AD 350), the later Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia and the Funj Sultanate in central and eastern Sudan. Sudan’s complex history has seen Mahdi, Ottoman, British, and Islamist rule and is now a secular state. While the present population is estimated to be 70% Arab, there is a diverse range of groups, languages, and dialects

Optimal receptor-cluster size determined by intrinsic and extrinsic noise

Biological cells sense external chemical stimuli in their environment using cell-surface receptors. To increase the sensitivity of sensing, receptors often cluster, most noticeably in bacterial chemotaxis, a paradigm for signaling and sensing in general. While amplification of weak stimuli is useful in absence of noise, its usefulness is less clear in presence of extrinsic input noise and intrinsic signaling noise. Here, exemplified on bacterial chemotaxis, we combine the allosteric Monod-Wyman- Changeux model for signal amplification by receptor complexes with calculations of noise to study their interconnectedness. Importantly, we calculate the signal-to-noise ratio, describing the balance of beneficial and detrimental effects of clustering for the cell. Interestingly, we find that there is no advantage for the cell to build receptor complexes for noisy input stimuli in absence of intrinsic signaling noise. However, with intrinsic noise, an optimal complex size arises in line with estimates of the sizes of chemoreceptor complexes in bacteria and protein aggregates in lipid rafts of eukaryotic cells.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures,accepted for publication on Physical Review