Artificial Intelligence for Solar Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Networks

Solar cells have been extensively investigated for wireless sensor networks (WSN). In comparison to other energy harvesting techniques, solar cells are capable of harnessing the highest amount of power density. Furthermore, the energy conversion process does not involve any moving parts and does not require any intermediate energy conversion steps. Their main drawback is the inconsistent amount of energy harvested due to the intermittency and variability of the incoming solar radiation [1]. Consequently, being able to predict the amount of solar radiation is important for making necessary decisions regarding the amount of energy that can be utilized at the sensor node. We demonstrate that artificial intelligence (AI) can be used as an effective technique for predicting the amount of incoming solar radiation at these sensor nodes. We show that a Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression technique can effectively predict the amount of solar radiation for the next 24 hours based on weather data from previous days. We reveal that this technique outperforms other state of the art prediction methods for WSNs. To assess the performance of our proposed solution, we use experimental measurements that were collected for a period of two years from a weather station installed by Beijing Sunda Solar Energy Technology Company [2]. We also demonstrate how the harvested energy can be regulated using an innovative Power Management Unit [3]

Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of Short Term Ultra Reliable Communications in Vehicular Networks

We evaluate the use of HARQ schemes in the context of vehicle to infrastructure communications considering ultra reliable communications in the short term from a channel capacity stand point. We show that it is not possible to meet strict latency requirements with very high reliability without some diversity strategy and propose a solution to determining an optimal limit on the maximum allowed number of retransmissions using Chase combining and simple HARQ to increase energy efficiency. Results show that using the proposed optimizations leads to spending 5 times less energy when compared to only one retransmission in the context of a benchmark test case for urban scenario. In addition, we present an approximation that relates most system parameters and can predict whether or not the link can be closed, which is valuable for system design

Employing Antenna Selection to Improve Energy-Efficiency in Massive MIMO Systems

Massive MIMO systems promise high data rates by employing large number of antennas, which also increases the power usage of the system as a consequence. This creates an optimization problem which specifies how many antennas the system should employ in order to operate with maximal energy efficiency. Our main goal is to consider a base station with a fixed number of antennas, such that the system can operate with a smaller subset of antennas according to the number of active user terminals, which may vary over time. Thus, in this paper we propose an antenna selection algorithm which selects the best antennas according to the better channel conditions with respect to the users, aiming at improving the overall energy efficiency. Then, due to the complexity of the mathematical formulation, a tight approximation for the consumed power is presented, using the Wishart theorem, and it is used to find a deterministic formulation for the energy efficiency. Simulation results show that the approximation is quite tight and that there is significant improvement in terms of energy efficiency when antenna selection is employed.Comment: To appear in Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 12 pages, 8 figures, 2 table

Downlink Energy Efficiency Analysis of Some Multiple Antenna Systems

In this paper we compare the energy efficiency of different multiple antenna transmission schemes for long-range wireless networks, assuming a realistic power consumption model. We consider the downlink, between a base station and a mobile station, in which the Alamouti scheme, transmit beamforming, receive diversity, spatial multiplexing, and transmit antenna selection are compared. Our analysis shows that, for different types of base stations, outage probability requirements and spectral efficiencies, the transmit antenna selection scheme is in general the most energy efficient option. Although antenna selection is not the best in terms of outage probability, it becomes the most efficient in terms of overall power consumption as it requires a single radio-frequency chain to obtain spatial diversity

Energy efficiency of some non-cooperative, cooperative and hybrid communication schemes in multi-relay WSNs

In this paper we analyze the energy efficiency of single-hop, multi-hop, cooperative selective decode-and-forward, cooperative incremental decode-and-forward, and even the combination of cooperative and non-cooperative schemes, in wireless sensor networks composed of several nodes. We assume that, as the sensor nodes can experience either non line-of-sight or some line-of-sight conditions, the Nakagami-m fading distribution is used to model the wireless environment. The energy efficiency analysis is constrained by a target outage probability and an end-to-end throughput. Our results show that in most scenarios cooperative incremental schemes are more energy efficient than the other methods

On the Impact of HARQ on the Throughput and Energy Efficiency Using Cross-Layer Analysis

This paper studies the potential improvements in terms of energy efficiency and system throughput of a hybrid automatic retransmission request (HARQ) mechanism. The analysis includes both the physical (PHY) and medium access (MAC) layers. We investigate the trade-off provided by HARQ, which demands reduced transmit power for a given target outage probability at the cost of more accesses to the channel. Since the competition for channel access at the MAC layer is very expensive in terms of energy and delay, our results show that HARQ leads to great performance improvements due to the decrease in the number of contending nodes – a consequence of the reduced required transmit power. Counter-intuitively, our analysis leads to the conclusion that retransmissions may decrease the delay, improving the system performance. Finally, we investigate the optimum values for the number of allowed retransmissions in order to maximize either the throughput or the energy efficiency

Artificial Intelligence for Solar Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Networks

Solar cells have been extensively investigated for wireless sensor networks (WSN). In comparison to other energy harvesting techniques, solar cells are capable of harnessing the highest amount of power density. Furthermore, the energy conversion process does not involve any moving parts and does not require any intermediate energy conversion steps. Their main drawback is the inconsistent amount of energy harvested due to the intermittency and variability of the incoming solar radiation [1]. Consequently, being able to predict the amount of solar radiation is important for making necessary decisions regarding the amount of energy that can be utilized at the sensor node. We demonstrate that artificial intelligence (AI) can be used as an effective technique for predicting the amount of incoming solar radiation at these sensor nodes. We show that a Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression technique can effectively predict the amount of solar radiation for the next 24 hours based on weather data from previous days. We reveal that this technique outperforms other state of the art prediction methods for WSNs. To assess the performance of our proposed solution, we use experimental measurements that were collected for a period of two years from a weather station installed by Beijing Sunda Solar Energy Technology Company [2]. We also demonstrate how the harvested energy can be regulated using an innovative Power Management Unit [3]

Energy efficiency-spectral efficiency trade-off of transmit antenna selection

We investigate the energy efficiency-spectral efficiency (EE-SE) trade-off of transmit antenna selection/maximum ratio combining (TAS) scheme. A realistic power consumption model (PCM) is considered, and it is shown that using TAS can provide significant energy savings when compared to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in the low to medium SE region, regardless the number of antennas, as well as outperform transmit beamforming scheme (MRT) for the entire SE range. For a fixed number of receive antennas, our results also show that the EE gain of TAS over MIMO becomes even greater as the number of transmit antennas increases. The optimal value of SE that maximizes the EE is obtained analytically, and confirmed by numerical results. Moreover, the influence of receiver correlation is also evaluated and it is shown that considering a non-realistic PCM can lead to mistakes when comparing TAS and MIMO