28 research outputs found
Acute Otitis Media
Upala uha najÄeÅ”Äa je upala u djece zbog
koje se propisuju antibiotici. Akutna upala srednjeg uha
(AUSU) kratkotrajna je upala srednjeg uha karakterizirana
bolima u uhu. ObiÄno je udružena sa simptomima upale
gornjih diŔnih putova poput kaŔlja i sekrecije iz nosa. AUSU
se dugo smatrala bakterijskom infekcijom, ali danas se zna
da i virusi mogu imati ulogu u njezinu nastanku. NajÄeÅ”Äi
bakterijski uzroÄnici upale su Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus infl uenzae i Moraxella catarrhalis. UnatoÄ
brojnim studijama i istraživanjima, nije postignut konsenzus
o lijeÄenju AUSU. Amoksicilin se u mnogim zemljama
preporuÄuje kao lijek prvog izbora kod nekompliciranih
upala uha. MeÄu brojnim antibioticima najveÄu uspjeÅ”nost
u lijeÄenju postižu amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom,
cefuroksim aksetil i od parenteralnih ceftriakson. Kod
alergije na penicilin lijek izbora su makrolidi. Antibiotici
smanjuju bol u uhu nakon drugog dana terapije i smanjuju
uÄestalost nastanka upale u drugom uhu. Kod težih upala
koje ne reagiraju odgovarajuÄe na antibiotsku terapiju
indicirana je paracenteza kojom dobijemo i odgovarajuÄi
materijal za mikrobioloŔku obradu. Teže komplikacije poput
mastoiditisa, labirintitisa, intrakranijalnog Ŕirenja upale i
pareze liÄnog živca su rijetke.Otitis media is the most common childhood
infection for which antibiotics are prescribed. Acute
otitis media (AOM) is usually a short-term infl ammation of
the middle ear, and is principally characterized by earache
that may be severe. It is often preceded by upper respiratory
symptoms, including a cough and rhinorrhoea. AOM is
usually considered a simple bacterial infection, but viruses
are also playing the important role in the etiology and pathogenesis.
The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Haemophilus infl uenzae, and Moraxella
catarrhalis. Despite a large number of published studies
and clinical trials, there is still no national or international
consensus on the best treatment of AOM. Amoxicillin is the
recommended fi rst-line antibiotic for uncomplicated AOM
in many countries. Among the more active agents against
these three bacteria are amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime
axetil and the injectable drug ceftriaxone. The macrolide
antibiotics are recommended if amoxicillin is contraindicated
because of a true history of allergy to penicillin. Antibiotics
reduce the proportion of children still in pain at 2-7
days and reduce the risk of developing contralateral AOM.
Selective use of tympanocentesis if the patient does not
respond to antibiotic therapy can help confi rm the diagnosis
and guide effective therapy. Severe progressive complications
of AOM, such as mastoiditis, labyrinthitis, meningitis,
intracranial sepsis, or facial nerve palsy are rare
Acute Otitis Media
Upala uha najÄeÅ”Äa je upala u djece zbog
koje se propisuju antibiotici. Akutna upala srednjeg uha
(AUSU) kratkotrajna je upala srednjeg uha karakterizirana
bolima u uhu. ObiÄno je udružena sa simptomima upale
gornjih diŔnih putova poput kaŔlja i sekrecije iz nosa. AUSU
se dugo smatrala bakterijskom infekcijom, ali danas se zna
da i virusi mogu imati ulogu u njezinu nastanku. NajÄeÅ”Äi
bakterijski uzroÄnici upale su Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Haemophilus infl uenzae i Moraxella catarrhalis. UnatoÄ
brojnim studijama i istraživanjima, nije postignut konsenzus
o lijeÄenju AUSU. Amoksicilin se u mnogim zemljama
preporuÄuje kao lijek prvog izbora kod nekompliciranih
upala uha. MeÄu brojnim antibioticima najveÄu uspjeÅ”nost
u lijeÄenju postižu amoksicilin s klavulanskom kiselinom,
cefuroksim aksetil i od parenteralnih ceftriakson. Kod
alergije na penicilin lijek izbora su makrolidi. Antibiotici
smanjuju bol u uhu nakon drugog dana terapije i smanjuju
uÄestalost nastanka upale u drugom uhu. Kod težih upala
koje ne reagiraju odgovarajuÄe na antibiotsku terapiju
indicirana je paracenteza kojom dobijemo i odgovarajuÄi
materijal za mikrobioloŔku obradu. Teže komplikacije poput
mastoiditisa, labirintitisa, intrakranijalnog Ŕirenja upale i
pareze liÄnog živca su rijetke.Otitis media is the most common childhood
infection for which antibiotics are prescribed. Acute
otitis media (AOM) is usually a short-term infl ammation of
the middle ear, and is principally characterized by earache
that may be severe. It is often preceded by upper respiratory
symptoms, including a cough and rhinorrhoea. AOM is
usually considered a simple bacterial infection, but viruses
are also playing the important role in the etiology and pathogenesis.
The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Haemophilus infl uenzae, and Moraxella
catarrhalis. Despite a large number of published studies
and clinical trials, there is still no national or international
consensus on the best treatment of AOM. Amoxicillin is the
recommended fi rst-line antibiotic for uncomplicated AOM
in many countries. Among the more active agents against
these three bacteria are amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefuroxime
axetil and the injectable drug ceftriaxone. The macrolide
antibiotics are recommended if amoxicillin is contraindicated
because of a true history of allergy to penicillin. Antibiotics
reduce the proportion of children still in pain at 2-7
days and reduce the risk of developing contralateral AOM.
Selective use of tympanocentesis if the patient does not
respond to antibiotic therapy can help confi rm the diagnosis
and guide effective therapy. Severe progressive complications
of AOM, such as mastoiditis, labyrinthitis, meningitis,
intracranial sepsis, or facial nerve palsy are rare
Management Guidelines for Allergic Rhinitis ā The Role of Intranasal Corticosteroids
Alergijski rinitis (AR) najÄeÅ”Äi je alergijski poremeÄaj, a njegova je prevalencija u porastu. Prije uporabe smjernica ARIA oko treÄine bolesnika s umjereno teÅ”kim/teÅ”kim simptomima unatoÄ terapiji imalo je i dalje teÅ”ke simptome. Smjernice ARIA definiraju AR kao upalnu bolest. LijeÄenje AR-a pretpostavlja toÄnu procjenu težine bolesti i bilo kakve povezanosti s astmom. Intranazalni kortikosteroidi (IKS) najuÄinkovitiji su lijekovi u lijeÄenju AR-a uz minimalan rizik od sistemskih nuspojava. IKS mogu biti prva opcija lijeÄenja svih oblika AR jer djeluju na sve simptome AR-a.Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common allergic disorder and its prevalence is still increasing. Before using the ARIA guidelines, about one third of patients with moderately severe / severe symptoms despite therapy had severe symptoms. The ARIA guidelines define AR as an inflammatory disease. Treatment of AR implies accurate assessment of disease severity, and any relationship of AR and asthma should be evaluated. Intranasal corticosteroids (ICS) are the most effective drugs in the treatment of AR with minimal risk of systemic side effects. ICS can be the first treatment option in all forms of AR because they treat all the symptoms of AR
Management Guidelines for Allergic Rhinitis ā The Role of Intranasal Corticosteroids
Alergijski rinitis (AR) najÄeÅ”Äi je alergijski poremeÄaj, a njegova je prevalencija u porastu. Prije uporabe smjernica ARIA oko treÄine bolesnika s umjereno teÅ”kim/teÅ”kim simptomima unatoÄ terapiji imalo je i dalje teÅ”ke simptome. Smjernice ARIA definiraju AR kao upalnu bolest. LijeÄenje AR-a pretpostavlja toÄnu procjenu težine bolesti i bilo kakve povezanosti s astmom. Intranazalni kortikosteroidi (IKS) najuÄinkovitiji su lijekovi u lijeÄenju AR-a uz minimalan rizik od sistemskih nuspojava. IKS mogu biti prva opcija lijeÄenja svih oblika AR jer djeluju na sve simptome AR-a.Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common allergic disorder and its prevalence is still increasing. Before using the ARIA guidelines, about one third of patients with moderately severe / severe symptoms despite therapy had severe symptoms. The ARIA guidelines define AR as an inflammatory disease. Treatment of AR implies accurate assessment of disease severity, and any relationship of AR and asthma should be evaluated. Intranasal corticosteroids (ICS) are the most effective drugs in the treatment of AR with minimal risk of systemic side effects. ICS can be the first treatment option in all forms of AR because they treat all the symptoms of AR
Spontano cijeljenje bubnjiÄa nakon blast ozljede uha - retrospektivna studija
Cilj: Odrediti uÄestalost spontanog cijeljenja bubnjiÄa nakon blast ozljede uha, te ustanoviti kod kojih perforacija timpanoplastiku raditi neposredno nakon ozljede, a kod kojih Äekati da zavrÅ”i spontano cijeljenje.
Metode: U retrospektivnoj studiji analizirali smo 166 bolesnika s 254 perforacije bubnjiÄa nakon ratnih blast ozljeda uha. Prema veliÄini perforacije podijeljene su u Äetiri skupine. Brzina cijeljenja je praÄena otomikroskopskim pregledima tijekom 7 mjeseci. Prag sluha neposredno nakon ozljede i nakon zavrÅ”etka spontanog cijeljenja odreÄen je tonskom audiometrijom. Po zavrÅ”etku spontanog cijeljenja bolesnicima je uraÄena timpanometrija kako bi se potvrdilo potpuno zatvaranje perforacije.
Rezultati: 79,9% svih perforacija spontano je zacijelilo. Najmanje perforacije veliÄine do 10% povrÅ”ine bubnjiÄa spontano su zarasle u 97,9% sluÄajeva. Perforacije veliÄine 11-25% zarasle su u 91,8% sluÄajeva. Srednje velike perforacije veliÄine 26-50% povrÅ”ine bubnjiÄa imale su spontano cijeljenje u 72,9% sluÄajeva, a najveÄe perforacije preko 51% povrÅ”ine, spontano su zarasle u samo 41% sluÄajeva. Razlika u uÄestalosti spontanoga cijeljenja bila je statistiÄki vrlo znaÄajna (Ļ2=62,46, p<0,001).
ZakljuÄak: Nakon blast ozljeda bubnjiÄ cijeli u veÄini sluÄajeva i nema potrebe za timpanoplastikom neposredno nakon ozljede. Timpanoplastika je indicirana viÅ”e mjeseci nakon zahvata kod perforacija koje ni tada nisu spontano zarasle. UÄestalost spontanoga cijeljenja bubnjiÄa nakon blast ozljeda smanjuje se s veliÄinom perforacije
Spontano cijeljenje bubnjiÄa nakon blast ozljede uha - retrospektivna studija
Cilj: Odrediti uÄestalost spontanog cijeljenja bubnjiÄa nakon blast ozljede uha, te ustanoviti kod kojih perforacija timpanoplastiku raditi neposredno nakon ozljede, a kod kojih Äekati da zavrÅ”i spontano cijeljenje.
Metode: U retrospektivnoj studiji analizirali smo 166 bolesnika s 254 perforacije bubnjiÄa nakon ratnih blast ozljeda uha. Prema veliÄini perforacije podijeljene su u Äetiri skupine. Brzina cijeljenja je praÄena otomikroskopskim pregledima tijekom 7 mjeseci. Prag sluha neposredno nakon ozljede i nakon zavrÅ”etka spontanog cijeljenja odreÄen je tonskom audiometrijom. Po zavrÅ”etku spontanog cijeljenja bolesnicima je uraÄena timpanometrija kako bi se potvrdilo potpuno zatvaranje perforacije.
Rezultati: 79,9% svih perforacija spontano je zacijelilo. Najmanje perforacije veliÄine do 10% povrÅ”ine bubnjiÄa spontano su zarasle u 97,9% sluÄajeva. Perforacije veliÄine 11-25% zarasle su u 91,8% sluÄajeva. Srednje velike perforacije veliÄine 26-50% povrÅ”ine bubnjiÄa imale su spontano cijeljenje u 72,9% sluÄajeva, a najveÄe perforacije preko 51% povrÅ”ine, spontano su zarasle u samo 41% sluÄajeva. Razlika u uÄestalosti spontanoga cijeljenja bila je statistiÄki vrlo znaÄajna (Ļ2=62,46, p<0,001).
ZakljuÄak: Nakon blast ozljeda bubnjiÄ cijeli u veÄini sluÄajeva i nema potrebe za timpanoplastikom neposredno nakon ozljede. Timpanoplastika je indicirana viÅ”e mjeseci nakon zahvata kod perforacija koje ni tada nisu spontano zarasle. UÄestalost spontanoga cijeljenja bubnjiÄa nakon blast ozljeda smanjuje se s veliÄinom perforacije
Silicon foil patching for blast tympanic membrane perforation: a retrospective study
Aim: To establish whether covering the tympanic membrane perforation after war blast injury with silicon foil can enhance the ear drum healing rate and to determine the appropriate timing of silicon patching.
----- Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the charts of 210 patients wounded during the Homeland War in Croatia 1991-1995, with 315 blast tympanic membrane perforations. In 44 patients (61 perforations), the eardrum perforation was covered by silicon foil, whereas in 166 patients (254 perforations) it was left to heal spontaneously. The patients who underwent the patching procedure were divided in two groups according to the time period between the blast injury and the procedure: 38 perforations were treated within 3 days and 23 perforations were treated 4 to 6 days after the blast injury.
------ Results: The rate of tympanic membrane healing in the silicon foil patching group was significantly higher (91.8%) than that in the group of perforations left to heal spontaneously (79.9%, P = 0.029). The healing rate was significantly higher in the group treated within 3 days after the blast injury (97.4%) than in the group treated 4 to 6 days after the injury (82.6%, P = 0.042).
----- Conclusion: Covering the perforation after the war blast injury with silicon foil significantly improves the rate of tympanic membrane healing. To obtain the best healing outcome, the procedure should be performed within the first 72 hours after the trauma
MIDDLE EAR INFECTION
Upala uha jedna je od najÄeÅ”Äih djeÄjih infekcija zbog koje se propisuju antibiotici. Premda se etioloÅ”ka dijagnoza ne postavlja Äesto, uspjeh identifikacije uzroÄnika ovisi o ispravnom uzimanju uzorka, odabiru metode i pravodobnoj mikrobioloÅ”koj analizi. NajÄeÅ”Äi bakterijski uzroÄnik je Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ostali ukljuÄuju Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxellu catarrhalis i P. aeruginosu, najÄeÅ”Äega bakterijskog uzroÄnika kroniÄne upale. Akutnoj upali uha Äesto prethode viÅ”estruke infekcije gornjega respiratornog trakta, virusne ili polimikrobne etiologije. Stoga su konjugirana cjeĀpiva primijenjena u djeÄjoj dobi korisna u smanjenju incidencije bolesti. Akutna upala uha veÄinom je samolimitirajuÄa s rijetkim komplikacijama. Najefikasnija terapija je dvodnevno promatranje i naknadna primjena amoksicilina tijekom 7 dana samo ako je potrebno. Ako postoji rezistencija, primjenjuje se kombinacija amoksicilina s laktamskim inhibitorom, dok su makrolidi izbor kod alergije na penicilin. Äesti recidivi i rezistencija na antibiotike posljedica su njihove Å”iroke primjene, koja pospjeÅ”uje kolonizaciju patogena Äime se mijenja protektivna fizioloÅ”ka flora sluznice nazofarinksa.Middle ear infection is one of the most common childhood infections and the leading reason for antibiotic Āprescriptions. Although the etiological diagnosis is rarely discovered, successful identification of pathogens depends on properly collected sample, chosen method and microbiological analysis made on time. The most common bacterial pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Others include Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, known as the most common bacterial pathogen of chronic inflamations. Viral or polimicrobial upper respiratory tract infections often precede this infection. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines given during infancy decrease rates of acute middle ear inflammation. It is a self-limited disease with rare complications. The best treatment is watchful waiting for two days followed by amoxicillin during 7 days, only if it is necessary. If there is resistance, then combination of amoxiĀcillin and beta lactamase inhibitor is second line. The best choice for patients allergic to penicillin are macrolides. AntiĀbiotic treatment has contributed to frequent relapses and increase of multi-drug resistant pathogens by permitting their colonization, which eliminates protective nasopharyngeal flora
Upala srednjeg uha [Middle ear infection]
Middle ear infection is one of the most common childhood infections and the leading reason for antibiotic prescriptions. Although the etiological diagnosis is rarely discovered, successful identification of pathogens depends on properly collected sample, chosen method and microbiological analysis made on time. The most common bacterial pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Others include Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, known as the most common bacterial pathogen of chronic inflamations. Viral or polimicrobial upper respiratory tract infections often precede this infection. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines given during infancy decrease rates of acute middle ear inflammation. It is a self-limited disease with rare complications. The best treatment is watchful waiting for two days followed by amoxicillin during 7 days, only if it is necessary. If there is resistance, then combination of amoxicillin and beta lactamase inhibitor is second line. The best choice for patients allergic to penicillin are macrolides. Antibiotic treatment has contributed to frequent relapses and increase of multi-drug resistant pathogens by permitting their colonization, which eliminates protective nasopharyngeal flora
MIDDLE EAR INFECTION
Upala uha jedna je od najÄeÅ”Äih djeÄjih infekcija zbog koje se propisuju antibiotici. Premda se etioloÅ”ka dijagnoza ne postavlja Äesto, uspjeh identifikacije uzroÄnika ovisi o ispravnom uzimanju uzorka, odabiru metode i pravodobnoj mikrobioloÅ”koj analizi. NajÄeÅ”Äi bakterijski uzroÄnik je Streptococcus pneumoniae. Ostali ukljuÄuju Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxellu catarrhalis i P. aeruginosu, najÄeÅ”Äega bakterijskog uzroÄnika kroniÄne upale. Akutnoj upali uha Äesto prethode viÅ”estruke infekcije gornjega respiratornog trakta, virusne ili polimikrobne etiologije. Stoga su konjugirana cjeĀpiva primijenjena u djeÄjoj dobi korisna u smanjenju incidencije bolesti. Akutna upala uha veÄinom je samolimitirajuÄa s rijetkim komplikacijama. Najefikasnija terapija je dvodnevno promatranje i naknadna primjena amoksicilina tijekom 7 dana samo ako je potrebno. Ako postoji rezistencija, primjenjuje se kombinacija amoksicilina s laktamskim inhibitorom, dok su makrolidi izbor kod alergije na penicilin. Äesti recidivi i rezistencija na antibiotike posljedica su njihove Å”iroke primjene, koja pospjeÅ”uje kolonizaciju patogena Äime se mijenja protektivna fizioloÅ”ka flora sluznice nazofarinksa.Middle ear infection is one of the most common childhood infections and the leading reason for antibiotic Āprescriptions. Although the etiological diagnosis is rarely discovered, successful identification of pathogens depends on properly collected sample, chosen method and microbiological analysis made on time. The most common bacterial pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Others include Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, known as the most common bacterial pathogen of chronic inflamations. Viral or polimicrobial upper respiratory tract infections often precede this infection. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines given during infancy decrease rates of acute middle ear inflammation. It is a self-limited disease with rare complications. The best treatment is watchful waiting for two days followed by amoxicillin during 7 days, only if it is necessary. If there is resistance, then combination of amoxiĀcillin and beta lactamase inhibitor is second line. The best choice for patients allergic to penicillin are macrolides. AntiĀbiotic treatment has contributed to frequent relapses and increase of multi-drug resistant pathogens by permitting their colonization, which eliminates protective nasopharyngeal flora