A Systematic Review of Root Canal Filling Materials for Deciduous Teeth: Is There an Alternative for Zinc Oxide-Eugenol?

The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether there is a root canal filling for deciduous teeth equally or more effective than zinc oxide-eugenol cement (ZOE). Six clinical trials selected for inclusion were independently reviewed by two researchers. Only two showed statistically significant different success rates between the test and the control groups. One found that an iodoform paste with calcium hydroxide (IP + Ca) performed better than ZOE, and the other found that ZOE performed similarly to IP + Ca. The other four studies compared ZOE with an iodoform paste (IP), a calcium hydroxide cement (Ca(OH)2), or IP + Ca. In these trials, the success rates in the ZOE groups were slightly lower than in the other groups. There seems to be no convincing evidence to support the superiority of any material over ZOE, and both ZOE and IP + Ca appear to be suitable as root canal fillings for deciduous teeth

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Internato rural em odontologia no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Este trabalho descreve a experiência da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro com o internato rural, no período de 1988 a 1993, como parte do processo de sensibilização social do aluno de graduação. As atividades extramurais foram realizadas por meio de estágios supervisionados de 3 meses consecutivos nos serviços odontológicos de unidades de saúde da rede pública, em municípios do interior do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Além de executarem atendimento clínico, os estudantes participaram de atividades cujos temas se relacionavam a: situação de saúde bucal da comunidade; estrutura organizacional e programática das secretarias de saúde; e prioridades, tecnologia apropriada, educação e prevenção em saúde bucal. A modalidade de educação apresentada resultou integradora da reflexão crítica de docentes, alunos, associações de classe e entidades prestadoras de serviços acerca da adequação do profissional formado nos cursos de graduação em odontologia no Rio de Janeiro à realidade do estado

Fluorose dentária em incisivos superiores permanentes em crianças de escola pública do Rio de Janeiro, RJ Dental fluorosis in upper permanent incisors of public schoolchildren in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência e a intensidade de fluorose dentária em crianças com idade entre 7 e 12 anos. MÉTODOS: A população de estudo foi constituída por 266 crianças matriculadas em uma escola pública do Município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. As crianças tinham idades entre 7 e 12 anos e foram selecionadas pelo método de amostragem aleatória simples. Todos os exames foram feitos entre os meses de agosto e dezembro de 1999 por um único examinador treinado e calibrado (Kappa = 0,92). Depois da obtenção do consentimento dos pais, as crianças tiveram seus incisivos superiores permanentes inspecionados sob luz natural. Os dentes foram previamente limpos e secos com rolos de algodão. Os critérios de Russel foram empregados, no diagnóstico diferencial, entre fluorose dentária e opacidades decorrentes de outras causas. O índice de Thylstrup e Fejerskov foi utilizado na determinação da intensidade de fluorose. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de fluorose foi igual a 7,9% (IC 95%, 5,0-11,8). A intensidade variou de 1 a 3, sendo que 77% dos dentes afetados tiveram registros de grau 1. CONCLUSÃO: A fluorose dentária não se constitui em problema de saúde pública para a população estudada.OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in children aged 7 to 12. METHODS: The study population comprised 266 children aged 7 to 12 years, enrolled in a public school in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, selected using a simple random sample method. All examinations were carried out between August and December 1999 by a single trained and calibrated examiner (Kappa = 0.92). After obtaining their parents' consent the children had their upper permanent incisors examined under natural light. Their teeth were previously cleaned and dried with cotton rolls. The differential diagnosis between milder forms of dental fluorosis and nonfluoride enamel opacities was made according to Russel's diagnostic criteria. The severity of fluorosis was assessed by the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TF). RESULTS: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 7.9% (CI 95%, 5.0-11.8). The severity ranged from 1 to 3 and 77% of the affected teeth had a TF score of 1. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that dental fluorosis does not represent a public health problem in this population