An Efficient Acetylation of Aromatic Hetero Cyclic Compounds: Silica Gel As Well As Silica-Ferric Oxide Supported Erbium (III) Triflate Used As A Novel Catalyst For First Time Under Solvent Free Conditions

ABSTRACT 2-acylated aromatic five membered heterocyclic compounds are selectively synthesized using SilicaErbium (III) Triflate and Silica-Ferric oxide-Erbium (III) Triflate as new catalytic systems as much as prominent acylating agents at varying temperature conditions. The most common oxidation sates of the Erbium +3 and Fe +3 are support to bind the anions to high activation due to the solidified addition of silica gel, silica-ferric oxide as other hand for the catalytic reaction and to give excellent quantity, quality of product in terms of yields. The easy and safe handling of the high reactive erbium triflate loaded on the silica gel reduces the reaction time (1-1.5 hrs) hours, thermal conditions (20 0 C-45 0 C) and without using solvent media to obtain better yields of 2-acylated aromatic heterocyclic molecules. The plausible mechanism of Friedel crafts acylation has been suggested

Selective-β-Acylation-of-2-Substituted Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds

ABSTRACT β-acylated hetero aromatic compounds were synthesized by Friedel Craft's acylation reacting 2-substituted aromatic heterocyclic molecules with acetic anhydride in presence of silica gel supported titanium chloride-TEBA[benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride] (SiO 2 -TiCl 4 -TEBA) at temperature 64-76 0 C for the first time. The Catalyst was strongly surface supported by Silica Gel

Protective effect of aqueous seed extract of Vitis Vinifera against oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the pancreas of adult male rats with diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Protective effects of Vitis Vinifera seed aqueous extract (VVSAE) against pancreatic dysfunctions and elevation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the pancreas in diabetes were investigated. Histopathological changes in the pancreas were examined under light microscope. Methods: Blood and pancreas were collected from adult male diabetic rats receiving 28 days treatment with VVSAE orally. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin and lipid profile levels and activity levels of anti-oxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase-CAT and glutathione peroxidase-GPx) in the pancreas were determined by biochemical assays. Histopathological changes in the pancreas were examined under light microscopy and levels of insulin, glucose transporter (GLUT)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Ikkβ and caspase-3 mRNA and protein were analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry respectively. Radical scavenging activity of VVSAE was evaluated by in-vitro anti-oxidant assay while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the major compounds in the extract. Results: GC-MS analyses indicated the presence of compounds that might exert anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects. Near normal FBG, HbAIc, lipid profile and serum insulin levels with lesser signs of pancreatic destruction were observed following administration of VVSAE to diabetic rats. Higher insulin, GLUT-2, SOD, CAT and GPx levels but lower TNF-α, Ikkβ and caspase-3 levels were also observed in the pancreas of VVSAE-treated diabetic rats (p < 0.05 compared to non-treated diabetic rats). The extract possesses high in-vitro radical scavenging activities. Conclusion: In conclusions, administration of VVSAE to diabetic rats could help to protect the pancreas against oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis-induced damage while preserving pancreatic function near normal in diabetes