A randomised controlled trial linking mental health inpatients to community smoking cessation supports: A study protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mental health inpatients smoke at higher rates than the general population and are disproportionately affected by tobacco dependence. Despite the advent of smoke free policies within mental health hospitals, limited systems are in place to support a cessation attempt post hospitalisation, and international evidence suggests that most smokers return to pre-admission smoking levels following discharge. This protocol describes a randomised controlled trial that will test the feasibility, acceptability and efficacy of linking inpatient smoking care with ongoing community cessation support for smokers with a mental illness.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>This study will be conducted as a randomised controlled trial. 200 smokers with an acute mental illness will be recruited from a large inpatient mental health facility. Participants will complete a baseline survey and will be randomised to either a multimodal smoking cessation intervention or provided with hospital smoking care only. Randomisation will be stratified by diagnosis (psychotic, non-psychotic). Intervention participants will be provided with a brief motivational interview in the inpatient setting and options of ongoing smoking cessation support post discharge: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); referral to Quitline; smoking cessation groups; and fortnightly telephone support. Outcome data, including cigarettes smoked per day, quit attempts, and self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence (validated by exhaled carbon monoxide), will be collected via blind interview at one week, two months, four months and six months post discharge. Process information will also be collected, including the use of cessation supports and cost of the intervention.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This study will provide comprehensive data on the potential of an integrated, multimodal smoking cessation intervention for persons with an acute mental illness, linking inpatient with community cessation support.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ANZTCN: <a href="http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12609000465257.aspx">ACTRN12609000465257</a></p

Resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) in Brassica napus

Light leaf spot (caused by the hemibiotrophic Pyrenopeziza brassicae) is one of the most important diseases of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in northern Europe, including the UK. In controlled environment and field experiments to study sources of genetic resistance against P. brassicae, R gene-mediated resistance introduced into B. napus slowed growth of P. brassicae, prevented asexual sporulation on living tissue, but did not prevent sexual sporulation on senescent tissue. The resistance did not operate in the manner typical of R gene-mediated resistance against hemibiotrophs. P. brassicae infected the resistant lines but did not elicit an immediate hypersensitive response preventing further fungal growth. Instead, it grew sparsely as sub-cuticular hyphae within green leaves, until a “dark flecking” phenotype associated with collapse of epidermal cells was observed approximately 10 days post inoculation. This resistance may be more durable than that of a typical R gene because it reduces secondary infection by splash-dispersed conidia but does not apply selection by preventing the pathogen from completing its life cycl

Investigating the phenotype of major gene-mediated resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae in Brassica napus

Pyrenopeziza brassicae causes light leaf spot on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus), which is currently controlled through the use of fungicides and cultivars with quantitative resistance. Imola is a new oilseed rape cultivar, thought to contain at least one major resistance gene against P. brassicae. Previous work has shown that P. brassicae is unable to undergo asexual sporulation on cv. Imola and a “black flecking” phenotype (particularly apparent on leaf vein tissue) is instead observed after inoculation with P. brassicae conidia in controlled environment conditionsNon peer reviewe

Investigating the phenotype of a major gene-mediated resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae in Brassica napus

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Resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) in Brassica napus (winter oilseed rape)

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R gene-mediated resistance in Brassica napus that limits asexual sporulation but allows sexual sporulation by Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot)

The phenotype of a form of Brassica napus (oilseed rape) R gene-mediated resistance against the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae, cause of light leaf spot, was investigated. Using a doubled haploid B. napus mapping population that segregated for resistance against P. brassicae, development of visual symptoms was characterised and asymptomatic growth was followed using quantitative PCR and scanning electron microscopy on leaves of resistant/susceptible lines inoculated with suspensions of P. brassicae conidia. A new phenotype of resistance was observed in lines derived from B. napus cv. Imola. Initially, in controlled environment experiments growth of P. brassicae was unaffected; then from 8 days post-inoculation (dpi) some epidermal cells collapsed (‗black flecking‘) in green living tissue of cv. Imola and from 13 to 36 dpi there was no increase in amount of P. brassicae DNA and no asexual sporulation (acervuli/pustules). By contrast, during this period there was a 300-fold increase in P. brassicae DNA and extensive asexual sporulation in leaves of susceptible cv. Apex. However, when leaf tissues senesced, there was a rapid increase in amount of P. brassicae DNA in the resistant but not susceptible cultivar and sexual sporulation (apothecia) was abundant on senescent tissues of both. These results were supported by results of controlled environment and field experiments with lines from the mapping population that segregated for this resistance. Analysis of results of both controlled environment and field experiments suggested that the resistance was mediated by a single R gene located on chromosome A1.Non peer reviewe

Resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) in Brassica napus, in International Consultative Research Group on Rapeseed

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Factors affecting canker and light leaf spot severity in oilseed rape

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