679 research outputs found
Family Impact and Infant Emotional Outcomes when an Infant Has Serious Liver Disease: A Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study
Background Serious liver disease in infancy causes significant morbidity. Up to 80% of children will eventually require transplantation. This study aims to investigate parent and family responses to the diagnosis of serious liver disease in infancy and to identify family factors that are predictive of the infants’ emotional and behavioural outcomes. Methods The study uses quantitative and qualitative methods. Parents of infants recently diagnosed with serious liver disease completed validated measures of parent stress, family function, impact of the illness on the family, and father engagement, as well as an interview about their experience of the infants’ illness. The measures were repeated after one year, with the addition of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results Parents of 42 infants enrolled, and parents of 37 infants completed the study. Illness severity, liver diagnosis other than Biliary Atresia and parent perceptions of greater impact of the infants’ illness on the family predicted poorer infant outcomes. For mothers, the final best-fit model explained 32% of the variation in CBCL (P = .001). Fathers’ best-fit model explained 44% of the variation in CBCL (P < .001). Thematic analysis of the parent interviews revealed six major themes: uncertainty; awareness of the infant’s vulnerability; feelings of isolation; dealing with other aspects of life; the importance of shared experience; and adjustment. The integrated data analysis demonstrated that lack of extended family support, poor family adjustment to the illness, and financial stress are related to greater impact of the illness on the family. Conclusions The study identifies early risk factors for poor emotional and behavioural outcomes for infants with serious liver disease, providing an opportunity for early intervention. Parents who lack support from extended family, who have financial stress, or who report a high impact of the illness on the family, should be referred for psychosocial assessment
Novel View Synthesis of Humans using Differentiable Rendering
We present a new approach for synthesizing novel views of people in new
poses. Our novel differentiable renderer enables the synthesis of highly
realistic images from any viewpoint. Rather than operating over mesh-based
structures, our renderer makes use of diffuse Gaussian primitives that directly
represent the underlying skeletal structure of a human. Rendering these
primitives gives results in a high-dimensional latent image, which is then
transformed into an RGB image by a decoder network. The formulation gives rise
to a fully differentiable framework that can be trained end-to-end. We
demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach to image reconstruction on both
the Human3.6M and Panoptic Studio datasets. We show how our approach can be
used for motion transfer between individuals; novel view synthesis of
individuals captured from just a single camera; to synthesize individuals from
any virtual viewpoint; and to re-render people in novel poses. Code and video
results are available at
https://github.com/GuillaumeRochette/HumanViewSynthesis.Comment: Accepted at IEEE transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity
Science, 10 pages, 11 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap
with arXiv:2111.1273
Learning Adaptive Neighborhoods for Graph Neural Networks
Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) enable end-to-end learning on graph
structured data. However, many works assume a given graph structure. When the
input graph is noisy or unavailable, one approach is to construct or learn a
latent graph structure. These methods typically fix the choice of node degree
for the entire graph, which is suboptimal. Instead, we propose a novel
end-to-end differentiable graph generator which builds graph topologies where
each node selects both its neighborhood and its size. Our module can be readily
integrated into existing pipelines involving graph convolution operations,
replacing the predetermined or existing adjacency matrix with one that is
learned, and optimized, as part of the general objective. As such it is
applicable to any GCN. We integrate our module into trajectory prediction,
point cloud classification and node classification pipelines resulting in
improved accuracy over other structure-learning methods across a wide range of
datasets and GCN backbones.Comment: ICCV 202
Coastal sands of Northeastern Tasmania: geomorphology and groundwater hydrology
A regional study of the Quaternary geomorphology of
coastal northeastern Tasmania defined landforms and deposits
which offer good groundwater development potential, and also
pointed to geomorphic problems worthy of more detailed research.
Marine transgression and regression appear to have been a main
feature of landform development in coastal northeastern
Tasmania since Late Tertiary times. The present landscape is
dominated by low, sandy plains created during the Last
Interglacial marine transgression and by aeolian landforms
which were formed during the succeeding glacial stage. The
immediate coastal areas are backed by marine and aeolian
landforms deposited during and since the marine transgression.
The regional study revealed that deposits of possible
marine origin and interglacial age, occur to an elevation of
approximately 32 m. This is — 10 m above the upper limits of
similar deposits elsewhere in Tasmania and is — 26 in higher than
equivalent features in stable areas of mainland Australia. These
relationships indicated that tectonic uplift in Tasmania may
have occurred during the late Quaternary. Further research
indicated that the sea level in northeastern Tasmania most likely
attained an elevation of — 32 in during the Last Interglacial
Stage, and that the area has experienced a moderate uplift rate
of approximately 0.2 m/ka. The stratigraphic relationships
between Quaternary marine deposits also indicate that older,
probably of Oxygen Isotope Stages 7 and 9 age, marine deposits
occur to 49 and 71 in respectively, thus indicating that uplift
in Tasmania has been occurring over at least 300,000 years.
Mapping and examination of the extensive longitudinal
dunes and lunettes during initial stages of the programme
indicated that they are products of environmental conditions
substantially different from those of today. Dune morphology
and grainsize characteristics suggest that zonal westerly air
flows appear to have been stronger and from a slightly more
northerly direction during the Last Glacial Stage than air
flows which occur today. Stratigraphic studies infer that
the temperature was markedly lower during formation of the
longitudinal dunes. Evidence from fossil groundwater podzols
indicates that precipitation during the Last Glacial Stage may
have been only approximately one half of the present rainfall.
Lunette stratigraphy and morphology reveal shifts in the
relative importance of key components to the hydrologic cycle,
such as precipitation, evapotranspiration and surface run-off,
both during and since the late Last Glacial Stage.
The coastal plains of interglacial marine sand form
extensive unconfined aquifers and contain Abundant and
accessible groundwater supplies. Computer and graphical
simulations are applied to pumping test and drilling results,
water table maps and continuous water level records to assess
the groundwater system. Groundwater dynamics are controlled
principally by precipitation and evapotranspiration. The
system is renewable and moderate rates of groundwater withdrawal
may even be beneficial
Translating Images into Maps
We approach instantaneous mapping, converting images to a top-down view of
the world, as a translation problem. We show how a novel form of transformer
network can be used to map from images and video directly to an overhead map or
bird's-eye-view (BEV) of the world, in a single end-to-end network. We assume a
1-1 correspondence between a vertical scanline in the image, and rays passing
through the camera location in an overhead map. This lets us formulate map
generation from an image as a set of sequence-to-sequence translations. Posing
the problem as translation allows the network to use the context of the image
when interpreting the role of each pixel. This constrained formulation, based
upon a strong physical grounding of the problem, leads to a restricted
transformer network that is convolutional in the horizontal direction only. The
structure allows us to make efficient use of data when training, and obtains
state-of-the-art results for instantaneous mapping of three large-scale
datasets, including a 15% and 30% relative gain against existing best
performing methods on the nuScenes and Argoverse datasets, respectively. We
make our code available on
https://github.com/avishkarsaha/translating-images-into-maps.Comment: Accepted to ICRA 202
Inhibitory cognitive control allows automated advice to improve accuracy while minimizing misuse
Humans increasingly use automated decision aids. However, environmental uncertainty means that automated advice can be incorrect, creating the potential for humans to action incorrect advice or to disregard correct advice. We present a quantitative model of the cognitive process by which humans use automation when deciding whether aircraft would violate minimum separation. The model closely fitted the performance of twenty-four participants, whom each made 2400 conflict detection decisions (conflict vs non-conflict), either manually (with no assistance) or with the assistance of 90% reliable automation. When the decision aid was correct, conflict detection accuracy improved, but when the decision aid was incorrect, accuracy and response time were impaired. The model indicated that participants integrated advice into their decision process by inhibiting evidence accumulation toward the task response incongruent with that advice, thereby ensuring that decisions could not be made solely on automated advice without first sampling information from the task environment
Telling partners about chlamydia: how acceptable are the new technologies?
BACKGROUND Partner notification is accepted as a vital component in the control of chlamydia. However, in reality, many sexual partners of individuals diagnosed with chlamydia are never informed of their risk. The newer technologies of email and SMS have been used as a means of improving partner notification rates. This study explored the use and acceptability of different partner notification methods to help inform the development of strategies and resources to increase the number of partners notified. METHODS Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 40 people who were recently diagnosed with chlamydia from three sexual health centres and two general practices across three Australian jurisdictions. RESULTS Most participants chose to contact their partners either in person (56%) or by phone (44%). Only 17% chose email or SMS. Participants viewed face-to-face as the "gold standard" in partner notification because it demonstrated caring, respect and courage. Telephone contact, while considered insensitive by some, was often valued because it was quick, convenient and less confronting. Email was often seen as less personal while SMS was generally considered the least acceptable method for telling partners. There was also concern that emails and SMS could be misunderstood, not taken seriously or shown to others. Despite these, email and SMS were seen to be appropriate and useful in some circumstances. Letters, both from the patients or from their doctor, were viewed more favourably but were seldom used. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that many people diagnosed with chlamydia are reluctant to use the new technologies for partner notification, except in specific circumstances, and our efforts in developing partner notification resources may best be focused on giving patients the skills and confidence for personal interaction.The study was funded by the Australian Federal Government Department of Health and Ageing Chlamydia Pilot Program of Targeted Grants
A phase field method for tomographic reconstruction from limited data
Classical tomographic reconstruction methods fail for problems in which there is extreme temporal and spatial sparsity in the measured data. Reconstruction of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), a space weather phenomenon with potential negative effects on the Earth, is one such problem. However, the topological complexity of CMEs renders recent limited data reconstruction methods inapplicable. We propose an energy function, based on a phase field level set framework, for the joint segmentation and tomographic reconstruction of CMEs from measurements acquired by coronagraphs, a type of solar telescope. Our phase field model deals easily with complex topologies, and is more robust than classical methods when the data are very sparse. We use a fast variational algorithm that combines the finite element method with a trust region variant of Newton’s method to minimize the energy. We compare the results obtained with our model to classical regularized tomography for synthetic CME-like images
Better than nothing? Patient-delivered partner therapy and partner notification for chlamydia: the views of Australian general practitioners
BACKGROUND Genital chlamydia is the most commonly notified sexually transmissible infection (STI) in Australia and worldwide and can have serious reproductive health outcomes. Partner notification, testing and treatment are important facets of chlamydia control. Traditional methods of partner notification are not reaching enough partners to effectively control transmission of chlamydia. Patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT) has been shown to improve the treatment of sexual partners. In Australia, General Practitioners (GPs) are responsible for the bulk of chlamydia testing, diagnosis, treatment and follow up. This study aimed to determine the views and practices of Australian general practitioners (GPs) in relation to partner notification and PDPT for chlamydia and explored GPs' perceptions of their patients' barriers to notifying partners of a chlamydia diagnosis. METHODS In-depth, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 40 general practitioners (GPs) from rural, regional and urban Australia from November 2006 to March 2007. Topics covered: GPs' current practice and views about partner notification, perceived barriers and useful supports, previous use of and views regarding PDPT.Transcripts were imported into NVivo7 and subjected to thematic analysis. Data saturation was reached after 32 interviews had been completed. RESULTS Perceived barriers to patients telling partners (patient referral) included: stigma; age and cultural background; casual or long-term relationship, ongoing relationship or not. Barriers to GPs undertaking partner notification (provider referral) included: lack of time and staff; lack of contact details; uncertainty about the legality of contacting partners and whether this constitutes breach of patient confidentiality; and feeling both personally uncomfortable and inadequately trained to contact someone who is not their patient. GPs were divided on the use of PDPT--many felt concerned that it is not best clinical practice but many also felt that it is better than nothing.GPs identified the following factors which they considered would facilitate partner notification: clear clinical guidelines; a legal framework around partner notification; a formal chlamydia screening program; financial incentives; education and practical support for health professionals, and raising awareness of chlamydia in the community, in particular amongst young people. CONCLUSIONS GPs reported some partners do not seek medical treatment even after they are notified of being a sexual contact of a patient with chlamydia. More routine use of PDPT may help address this issue however GPs in this study had negative attitudes to the use of PDPT. Appropriate guidelines and legislation may make the use of PDPT more acceptable to Australian GPs.The Australian Federal Government Department of Health and Ageing Chlamydia Pilot Program of Targeted Grants funded the study
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