Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction promotes microRNA signaling and RhoGTPase activation leading to tumor progression.

A hallmark of all solid tumor malignancies is the ability to invade the surrounding tissue and/or metastasize to distant sites. Tumors cells have altered signaling pathways which that to cytoskeleton activation and migration. Myriad studies have attempted to identify specific adhesion molecule(s) expressed in solid tumor cells that correlate with tumor cell migrative and invasive behaviors. Among such candidate molecules is hyaluronan (HA), the major glycosaminoglycan component of extracellular matrix (ECM). HA serves not only as a primary constituent of connective tissue extracellular matrices but also functions as a bio-regulatory molecule. Pertinently, HA is enriched in many types of tumors. HA is capable of binding to CD44 which is a ubiquitous, abundant and functionally important receptor expressed on the surface of many normal cells and tumor cells. Several lines of evidence indicate that CD44 selects its unique downstream effectors and coordinates downstream, intracellular signaling pathways that influence multiple cellular functions. Certain microRNAs [(miRNAs), small RNA molecules with ~20-25 nucleotides] have been shown to play roles in regulating tumor cell migration, invasion, survival and chemotherapy resistance. In this article, a special focus is placed on the role of HA-mediated CD44 interaction with unique signaling molecules in activating intracellular miRNA-signaling and RhoGTPase functions leading to the concomitant onset of tumor cell activities (e.g., tumor cell migration, invasion, survival and chemoresistance) and tumor progression. This new knowledge could serve as groundwork for the future development of new drug targets to inhibit HA/CD44-mediated oncogenic signaling and cancer progression

Poverty Measures and Anti-Poverty Policy

[Excerpt] Amartya Sen has made fundamental contributions to the study of distributional aspects of economic growth and decline. Among his pathbreaking works are his lectures on the economics of inequality (Sen, 1973), his article on the axiomatics of poverty measurement (Sen, 1976), and his book on anti-poverty policy in the context of famines (Sen, 1981). This paper is concerned with one of these areas, namely, the measurement of poverty and the implications for anti-poverty policy. In the 1960\u27s and 1970\u27s those who were working in the poverty field held a number of somewhat incompletely articulated views as to the extent of poverty in an economy. One was the judgment that a country is poorer the larger is the number or fraction of its people below an agreed-upon poverty standard. Second, the severity of poverty depends on how poor the poor are. As formulated then, the larger is the average income shortfall among the poor, the more severe is poverty. Thirdly, it was recognized that some of the poor are poorer than others, and the extent of poverty should also depend on the distribution of income among the poor

The Simple Analytics of Elite Behaviour Under Limited State Capacity

This paper discusses the issue of taxation and redistribution in economies dominated by Elites with limited state capacity. Within a simple aggregate framework, we discuss the political economy incentives of Elites to tax, redistribute and increase state capacity. In particular, the analysis highlights the role of complementarities or substitutability in the production process between the factors controlled by the Elite and other social groups and shows the existence of natural increasing returns for Elites to increase state capacity. The paper also discusses how the incentives for state capacity building are affected by political threats of power shifting.Elites, redistribution, political economy, state capacity building

The role of Criticism in the Dynamics of Performance Evaluation Systems

Drawing on the concept of « trial », developed by French sociologists, this article analyzes the dynamics of employees’ performance evaluation systems, particularly those involving accounting performance measures. A case study is presented as an illustration of our proposal to consider these systems as one of the major trials in the business world, that is, social arrangements organizing the testing of people and resulting in ordering them, and further in consistent social goods allocation. This analysis emphasizes the role of criticism in the dynamics and evolution of performance evaluation systems and enables us to revisit concepts like controllability or objectivity which have been presented for decades as cornerstones of performance evaluation systems either in management control or in human resource management fields.Criticism; performance evaluation systems; fairness; objectivity; controllability; legitimacy; bonus

Privatization in development : some lessons from experience

This paper briefly reviews the main theories of state versus private ownership and empirical evidence on the impact of privatization in developing countries (including transition economies). The paper draws some lessons for policy and offers some suggestions on how to assess privatization, at least in countries where there is still scope for it. The paper suggests that although understanding of the efficiency gains of privatization has increased significantly in recent years, there is an important area about which little is known: the distributional effects of privatization. Whether arguing from the standpoint of welfare economics or political economy, distributional effects are critical to the outcome, or the perceived outcome, of privatization. Thus, there is a need to fully evaluate the ex ante and ex post impacts of privatization, the most effective types of regulation and ownership regimes, and the way in which losers, when there are any, can be compensated. This is a need that must be met by academics and development agencies, including the World Bank and regional development banks.Banks&Banking Reform,Privatization,Emerging Markets,Infrastructure Regulation,Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress

Microsimulation as a tool for evaluating redistribution policies

During the last twenty years, microsimulation models have been increasingly applied in qualitative and quantitative analysis of public policies. This paper provides a discussion on microsimulation techniques and their theoretical background as a tool for the analysis of public policies with particular attention to redistribution and social policies. Basic principles in using microsimulation models and interpreting their results are analyzed, with particular emphasis on tax incidence, redistribution and poverty analysis. Social welfare analysis permitted by microsimulation techniques is also discussed. Finally, the paper points to limits of present approaches and directions for future research.microsimulation ; evaluation of public policies ; optimal taxation ; poverty and inequality

Tax-benefit revealed social preferences

This paper inverts the usual logic of applied optimal income taxation. It starts from the observed distribution of income before and after redistribution and corresponding marginal tax rates. Under a set of simplifying assumptions, it is then possible to recover the social welfare function that would make the observed marginal tax rate schedule optimal. In this framework, the issue of the optimality of an existing tax-benefit system is transformed into the issue of the shape of the social welfare function associated with that system and whether it satisfies elementary properties. This method is applied to the French redistribution system with the interesting implication that the French redistribution authority either has a rather low estimate of the labor supply elasticity or does not give positive social weights to the richest tax payers.social welfare function ; optimal income tax ; microsimulation ; optimal inverse problem

Creativity: Can Artistic Perspectives Contribute to Management Questions?

Today creativity is considered as a necessity in ail aspects of management. This working paper mirrors the artistic and managerial conceptions of creativity. Although there are shared points in bath applications, however deep-seated and radically opposed traits account for the divergence between the two fields. This exploratory analysis opens up new research questions and insights into practices.Creativity; Management; Art

Microsimulation as a Tool for Evaluating Redistribution Policies

During the last 20 years, microsimulation models have been increasingly applied in qualitative and quantitative analysis of public policies. This paper discusses microsimulation techniques and their theoretical background as a tool for the analysis of public policies. It next analyses basic principles for using microsimulation models and interpreting their results, with emphasis on tax incidence, redistribution and poverty analysis. It then discusses social welfare analysis permitted by microsimulation techniques and points to the limits of present approaches and some directions for future developments.Keywords: Microsimulation; Evaluation of Public Policies; Redistribution; Poverty, Inequality.