50 research outputs found
Wood Density and Hydraulic Properties of Ponderosa Pine From the Willamette Valley VS. the Cascade Mountains
The Willamette Valley (WV) race of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is being widely planted for timber in the Willamette Valley, western Oregon, because it grows in habitats that are either too wet or too dry for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Compared to the eastern Cascade Mountains (CM), the WV has 3 to 5 times the annual precipitation and warmer temperatures year around. This study characterized the wood quality of the WV race (4 sites) and the CM (4 sites), and also compared the behavior of their wood for water transport for the living trees (1 site in the WV and 1 site in the CM). The average tree ages at the sites ranged from 30 to 83 years at breast height. Between rings 27 and 31, compared to the CM, the WV had denser wood (0.48 vs. 0.40 g/cm3), denser earlywood (0.41 vs. 0.36 g/cm3), and denser latewood (0.62 vs. 0.50 g/cm3), with no significant differences in mean latewood proportion (about 0.35) or mean growth ring width (about 2.5 mm). The pith-to-bark trend in density differed between regions. In the WV, total wood density, earlywood density, and latewood density increased with growth ring from the pith. In the CM, total wood density and latewood density decreased slightly with growth ring width, and earlywood density remained unchanged. An additional sample of younger trees (23 years at breast height) from a genetic trial in the WV in which the seed source was the CM, had low density wood in the first few rings (like the CM trees) but had a steady increase in wood density with growth ring number (like the WV trees). Specific conductivity (ks) of trunk wood was lower in the WV, consistent with its higher wood density and suggestive that the WV race is more drought-adapted than the CM populations. There was no decline in ks from outer to inner sapwood in the WV trees, but a large decline in the CM trees. In water transport experiments, at an applied air pressure of 3.0 MPa, the WV and CM trees had lost 19% and 32% of their ks, respectively, again suggesting that the WV trees are slightly more drought-adapted than are the CM trees. At the other applied air pressures tested (0.5, 2.0. 4.0, and 5.0 MPa), there were no significant differences in loss of conductivity between the two sites. Trunk wood from breast height had a 50% loss of ks at 3.3-3.6 MPa. The loss of relative water content (100% - RWC) was about the same in both sites, except at 4.0 MPa, in which the CM trees had a larger loss of RWC than the WV trees. More work is needed on physiology to better understand the wood density/water transport relations. Ponderosa pine may be more interesting to study than other species because the earlywood, which transports most of the water, shows substantial density differences between geographic regions
Gateway state-mediated, long-range tunnelling in molecular wires
If the factors controlling the decay in single-molecule electrical conductance G with molecular length L could be understood and controlled, then this would be a significant step forward in the design of high-conductance molecular wires. For a wide variety of molecules conducting by phase coherent tunneling, conductance G decays with length following the relationship G = Aexp-\b{\eta}L. It is widely accepted that the attenuation coefficient \b{\eta} is determined by the position of the Fermi energy of the electrodes relative to the energy of frontier orbitals of the molecular bridge, whereas the terminal anchor groups which bind to the molecule to the electrodes contribute to the pre-exponential factor A. We examine this premise for several series of molecules which contain a central conjugated moiety (phenyl, viologen or {\alpha}-terthiophene) connected on either side to alkane chains of varying length, with each end terminated by thiol or thiomethyl anchor groups. In contrast with this expectation, we demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically that additional electronic states located on thiol anchor groups can significantly decrease the value of \b{eta}, by giving rise to resonances close to EF through coupling to the bridge moiety. This interplay between the gateway states and their coupling to a central conjugated moiety in the molecular bridges creates a new design strategy for realising higher-transmission molecular wires by taking advantage of the electrode-molecule interface properties
Uniform Selection as a Primary Force Reducing Population Genetic Differentiation of Cavitation Resistance across a Species Range
Background: Cavitation resistance to water stress-induced embolism determines plant survival during drought. This adaptive trait has been described as highly variable in a wide range of tree species, but little is known about the extent of genetic and phenotypic variability within species. This information is essential to our understanding of the evolutionary forces that have shaped this trait, and for evaluation of its inclusion in breeding programs. Methodology: We assessed cavitation resistance (P 50), growth and carbon isotope composition in six Pinus pinaster populations in a provenance and progeny trial. We estimated the heritability of cavitation resistance and compared the distribution of neutral markers (FST) and quantitative genetic differentiation (QST), for retrospective identification of the evolutionary forces acting on these traits. Results/Discussion: In contrast to growth and carbon isotope composition, no population differentiation was found for cavitation resistance. Heritability was higher than for the other traits, with a low additive genetic variance (h 2 ns = 0.4360.18, CVA = 4.4%). QST was significantly lower than FST, indicating uniform selection for P50, rather than genetic drift. Putativ
Grecs et indigĂšnes de la Catalogne Ă la mer Noire
Le programme de travail qui aboutit Ă ce livre sâinscrit dans le cadre du rĂ©seau dâexcellence europĂ©en Ramses2, initiĂ© par la Maison mĂ©diterranĂ©enne des sciences de lâhomme. Une demi-douzaine de tables rondes ont rĂ©uni entre 2006 et 2008, dâun bout Ă lâautre de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e (Ă EmpĂșries, Aix-en-Provence, Palerme, Naples, AthĂšnes), quelque soixante-dix chercheurs essentiellement français, italiens et espagnols, mais aussi anglais, grecs, bulgares, roumains, canadiens et russes. Il sâagissait dâĂ©tudier les rapports dâacculturation entre colons grecs et populations indigĂšnes, en tenant compte des diffĂ©rences gĂ©ographiques et chronologiques mais aussi de lâhistoriographie et des habitudes de recherche des diverses institutions. Les nombreuses communications qui ont jalonnĂ© les six tables rondes sont ici la plupart du temps prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©es de textes introductifs. Une premiĂšre partie, consacrĂ©e aux approches rĂ©gionales, permet dâillustrer lâĂ©tat de la recherche dans quelques rĂ©gions choisies (autour dâEmpuries, dâHimĂšre, de Marseille, de VĂ©lia, en Thrace et en mer Noire). La seconde partie, thĂ©matique, aborde un certain nombre de thĂšmes de recherche dans les rĂ©gions prĂ©cĂ©dentes, mais aussi dans dâautres rĂ©gions du monde de la colonisation grecque. Le point de vue adoptĂ© dans ce livre est dâabord celui de la culture matĂ©rielle ; lâapproche en est essentiellement archĂ©ologique. On se demandera par exemple quels sont les indices archĂ©ologiques qui permettent de dire si un site est habitĂ© par des Grecs, par des indigĂšnes ou par une population âmixteâ, et comment ces indices ont Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©ciĂ©s selon les pĂ©riodes et selon les rĂ©gions. Beaucoup de communications prĂ©sentent des synthĂšses rĂ©gionales ou thĂ©matiques, mais une large place est faite Ă©galement Ă des sites inĂ©dits, pour lesquels on nâa pas hĂ©sitĂ© Ă livrer une abondante documentation (plans, matĂ©riel de fouille). Câest en effet par le renouvellement de la documentation archĂ©ologique que nous pouvons espĂ©rer avancer dans la comprĂ©hension des rapports dâacculturation entre les colons grecs et les populations locales
Contacts et acculturations en Méditerranée occidentale
La question des contacts entre les diffĂ©rents peuples qui bordent les rives de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e nord occidentale est lâun des sujets phares de la recherche archĂ©ologique de ces trente derniĂšres annĂ©es. Que lâon parle dâĂ©poque archaĂŻque et classique ou de Protohistoire et dâĂąge du Fer, les Ă©changes et les processus dâacculturation de ces peuples qui entrĂšrent alors en contact les uns avec les autres : Grecs, Celtes, PhĂ©niciens, IbĂšres, Ligures, Ătrusques, ont retenu lâattention des chercheurs travaillant sur lâexpansion grecque dans ces rĂ©gions, sur les trafics commerciaux, sur les Ă©changes culturels. LâĆuvre de Michel Bats (Directeur de recherche honoraire du CNRS) traverse toutes ces thĂ©matiques : la prĂ©sence des PhocĂ©ens et des Ătrusques dans le bassin occidental de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, lâacculturation et les identitĂ©s ethno-culturelles, les recherches sur la cĂ©ramique et ses usages dans une perspective anthropologique, lâappropriation de lâĂ©criture par les sociĂ©tĂ©s protohistoriques. Ses collĂšgues et amis, en organisant ce colloque et en participant Ă ces actes, entendent lui tĂ©moigner leur amitiĂ© et leur dette intellectuelle. Ce volume rĂ©unit des articles des meilleurs spĂ©cialistes, actuels de la question - des chercheurs de toute la MĂ©diterranĂ©e - autour des quatre grands thĂšmes que nous venons dâĂ©voquer afin tout Ă la fois de dresser un bilan et de dĂ©finir de nouvelles perspectives. Cet ouvrage prĂ©sente donc aussi bien des synthĂšses - sur la prĂ©sence grecque en Espagne, sur lâorigine de lâĂ©criture, sur les pratiques funĂ©raires, sur les identitĂ©s culturelles et ethniques - que des dĂ©couvertes rĂ©centes concernant la thĂ©matique des contacts et de lâacculturation en MĂ©diterranĂ©e nord occidentale : lâagglomĂ©ration du Premier Ăąge du Fer de La Cougourlude (Lattes, HĂ©rault) fouillĂ©e durant lâĂ©tĂ© 2010 ; le sanctuaire hellĂ©nistique de Cumes et les fouilles rĂ©centes de Fratte en Italie ; les ateliers de potiers de Rosas en Espagne ; les derniĂšres dĂ©couvertes dâOlbia de Provence
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Wood density and hydraulic properties of ponderosa pine from the Willamette Valley vs. the Cascade Mountains
The Willamette Valley (WV) race of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is being widely planted for timber in the Willamette Valley, western Oregon, because it grows in habitats that are either too wet or too dry for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Compared to the eastern Cascade Mountains (CM), the WV has 3 to 5 times the annual precipitation and warmer temperatures year around. This study characterized the wood quality of the WV race (4 sites) and the CM (4 sites), and also compared the behavior of their wood for water transport for the living trees (1 site in the WV and 1 site in the CM). The average tree ages at the sites ranged from 30 to 83 years at breast height. Between rings 27 and 31, compared to the CM, the WV had denser wood (0.48 vs. 0.40 g/cm3), denser earlywood (0.41 vs. 0.36 g/cm3), and denser latewood (0.62 vs. 0.50 g/cm3), with no significant differences in mean latewood proportion (about 0.35) or mean growth ring width (about 2.5 mm). The pith-to-bark trend in density differed between regions. In the WV, total wood density, earlywood density, and latewood density decreased slightly with growth ring width, and earlywood density remained unchanged. An additional sample of younger trees (23 years at breast height) from a genetic trial in the WV in which the seed source was the CM, had low density wood in the first few rings (like the CM trees) but had a steady increase in wood density with growth ring number (like the WV trees). Specific conductivity (k) of trunk wood was lower in the WV, consistent with its higher wood density and suggestive that the WV race is more drought-adapted than the CM populations. There was no decline in k from outer to inner sapwood in the WV trees, but a large decline in the CM trees. In water transport experiments, at an applied air pressure of 3.0 MPa, the WV and CM trees had lost 19% and 32% of their k, respectively, again suggesting that the WV trees are slightly more drought-adapted than are the CM trees. At the other applied air pressures tested (0.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 5.0 MPa), there were no significant differences in loss of conductivity between the two sites. Trunk wood from breast height had a 50% loss of k at 3.3-3.6 MPa. The loss of relative water content (100% - RWC) was about the same in both sites, except at 4.0 MPa, in which the CM trees had a larger loss of RWC than the WV trees. More work is needed on physiology to better understand the wood density/water transport relations. Ponderosa pine may be more interesting to study than other species because the earlywood, which transports most of the water, shows substantial density differences between geographic regions.Keywords: ponderosa pine, earlywood density, specific conductivity, wood density, wood quality, vulnerability to embolis
Ancient Waterlands
Autour de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, dans des rĂ©gions marquĂ©es par des ressources limitĂ©es, lâeau potable est une ressource indispensable et un Ă©lĂ©ment de base. Sa prĂ©sence a souvent conditionnĂ© lâinstallation dâun peuplement humain et donnĂ© naissance Ă des croyances et des rites destinĂ©s Ă la protĂ©ger et Ă la conserver. Aussi, aprĂšs deux volumes consacrĂ©s Ă des questions dâhistoire des techniques et des politiques hydrauliques, le rĂ©seau de chercheurs HYDRΩMED, crĂ©Ă© par une Ă©quipe dâAix-Marseille UniversitĂ© en 2015, entend-il explorer les voies religieuses et symboliques des eaux, sources et fleuves, dans les mentalitĂ©s de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e du premier millĂ©naire avant notre Ăšre. Fleuves, sources et fontaines sont couramment associĂ©s Ă des traditions mythiques et Ă©tiologiques par le biais de rĂ©cits aussi bien que par des pratiques rituelles et votives. Croisant approches gĂ©ologiques et usages culturels ou religieux des points de jaillissement des eaux, lâobjectif de lâouvrage est dâĂ©tudier les processus de transformation des paysages naturels autour des sources et des riviĂšres (des grottes naturelles au dĂ©veloppement de fontaines bĂąties ou Ă la crĂ©ation pure et simple de grottes artificielles). Eau nourriciĂšre, dĂ©lassante, ou guĂ©risseuse, eau-spectacle⊠Comment a-t-elle Ă©tĂ© parfois monumentalisĂ©e, mise en scĂšne, voire sacralisĂ©e ? Dans quelle mesure a-t-elle Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©e comme la base de rĂ©cits cosmologiques, Ă©tiologiques et mythologiques ou comme un miroir de lâidentitĂ© collective dâun groupe ? Autant de questions auxquelles cherchent Ă rĂ©pondre les auteurs de cet ouvrage collectif Ă partir dâĂ©tudes de cas rĂ©partis sur lâensemble de la MĂ©diterranĂ©e