γδTCR regulates production of interleukin-27 by neutrophils and attenuates inflammatory arthritis.

γδ T cells have been implicated in inflammatory diseases as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses, however, their role in inflammatory arthritis remain unclear. To define the contribution of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, we performed gene transfer of IL-23 in B10.RIII mice to establish joint inflammation in the presence or absence of γδ T cells. We demonstrated that γδ T cell blockade has a protective effect on arthritis incidence and severity by preventing neutrophil accumulation in the blood, spleen and bone marrow as well as by reducing neutrophil infiltration into the joints. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that absence of γδ T cells was associated with an increase of IL-27 levels produced by neutrophils and dendritic cells, and systemic IL-27 expression also prevents IL-23-induced inflammatory arthritis and limits neutrophil expansion. Collectively our findings reveal an immunomodulatory effect of γδ T cells on neutrophils associated with IL-27 synthesis and secretion and indicate a novel link between IL-27 and the modulation of γδ T cells and neutrophils that can be targeted in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis

Implication des phagocytes mononuclées dans l'évolution de la plaque d'athérosclérose et relation avec l'homéostasie du cholestérol et des lipoprotéines

Atherosclerosis represents a chronic pathophysiological process implicated in the majority of cardiovascular diseases. The development of atherosclerotic lesions is characterized by an accumulation of extra and intracellular lipids in the arterial wall at the origin of a strong inflammatory response involving macrophages.Macrophages are considered key actors in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, because of their ability to metabolize cholesterol (capture, storage, efflux), to regulate inflammation and to phagocyte apoptotic cells, they exert pro and/or anti-atherogenic functions that may be modulated therapeutically. In this context, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of macrophages protected against apoptosis, on the progression of established atherosclerotic lesions.We have demonstrated that increased macrophage survival can slow down the progression of established lesions, stabilize lesion and reduce cholesterol levels. These athero-protective effects are attributed to the increase in Kupffer cells and Ly-6Clow monocytes partly due to their ability to produce apolipoprotein E. We also show that Kupffer cells are involved in the clearance of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins. The increase in ApoE pool and in Kupffer cells reduces cholesterol levels and thus lesion progression.L'athérosclérose est un processus physiopathologique chronique impliqué dans la majorité des maladies cardio-vasculaires. Le développement des lésions d'athérosclérose est caractérisé par l'accumulation de lipides extra et intracellulaires dans la paroi artérielle à l'origine d'une forte réponse inflammatoire impliquant notamment les macrophages. Les macrophages sont considérés comme des acteurs clés dans le développement des plaques d'athérosclérose. En effet, de par leur capacité à métaboliser le cholestérol (captation, stockage, efflux), à réguler l'inflammation et à phagocyter les cellules apoptotiques, ils exercent des fonctions pro et/ou anti-athèrogènes qui peuvent être modulées à des fins thérapeutiques. Dans cette perspective, nous avons évalué le pouvoir thérapeutique des " macrophages protégés de l'apoptose " sur la progression des lésions d'athérosclérose constituées. Nous avons démontré que l'augmentation de la survie des macrophages permet de ralentir la progression des lésions, de stabiliser les lésions et de diminuer la cholestérolémie. Ces effets athéro-protecteurs sont attribués à l'augmentation des cellules de Kupffer et des monocytes Ly-6Clow en partie par leur capacité à produire de l'apolipoprotéine E. Nous montrons également que les cellules de Kupffer participent à la clairance des lipoprotéines pro-athérogènes. L'augmentation du pool d'apoE ainsi que l'augmentation des cellules de Kupffer permettent de diminuer la cholestérolémie et ainsi de diminuer la progression des lésions

RNY-derived small RNAs as a signature of coronary artery disease

International audienceBackgroundData from next generation sequencing technologies uncovered the existence of many classes of small RNAs. Recent studies reported that small RNAs are released by cells and can be detected in the blood. In this report, we aimed to discover the occurrence of novel circulating small RNAs in coronary artery disease (CAD).MethodsWe used high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs from human and mouse apoptotic primary macrophages, and analyzed the data by empirical Bayes moderated t-statistics to assess differential expression and the Benjamini and Hochberg method to control the false discovery rate. Results were then confirmed by Northern blot and RT-qPCR in foam cells and in two animal models for atherosclerosis, namely ApoE −/− and Ldlr −/− mouse lines. Quantitative RT-PCR to detect identified small RNAs, the RNY-derived small RNAs, was performed using sera of 263 patients with CAD compared to 514 matched healthy controls; the Student t-test was applied to statistically assess differences. Associations of small RNAs with clinical characteristics and biological markers were tested using Spearman’s rank correlations, while multivariate logistic regressions were performed to test the statistical association of small RNA levels with CAD.ResultsHere, we report that, in macrophages stimulated with pro-apoptotic or pro-atherogenic stimuli, the Ro-associated non-coding RNAs, called RNYs or Y-RNAs, are processed into small RNAs (~24–34 nt) referred to as small-RNYs (s-RNYs), including s-RNY1-5p processed from RNY1. A significant upregulation of s-RNY expression was found in aortic arches and blood plasma from ApoE −/− and Ldlr −/− mice and in serum from CAD patients (P <0.001). Biostatistical analysis revealed a positive association of s-RNY1-5p with hs-CRP and ApoB levels; however, no statistical interaction was found between either of these two markers and s-RNY1-5p in relation to the CAD status. Levels of s-RNY1-5p were also independent from statin and fibrate therapies.ConclusionOur results position the s-RNY1-5p as a relevant novel independent diagnostic biomarker for atherosclerosis-related diseases. Measurement of circulating s-RNY expression would be a valuable companion diagnostic to monitor foam cell apoptosis during atherosclerosis pathogenesis and to evaluate patient’s responsiveness to future therapeutic strategies aiming to attenuate apoptosis in foam cells in advanced atherosclerotic lesions

Involvement of mononuclear phagocyte in the progression of atherosclerosis, and relationship with cholesterol and lipoprotein homeostasis

L'athérosclérose est un processus physiopathologique chronique impliqué dans la majorité des maladies cardio-vasculaires. Le développement des lésions d'athérosclérose est caractérisé par l'accumulation de lipides extra et intracellulaires dans la paroi artérielle à l'origine d'une forte réponse inflammatoire impliquant notamment les macrophages. Les macrophages sont considérés comme des acteurs clés dans le développement des plaques d'athérosclérose. En effet, de par leur capacité à métaboliser le cholestérol (captation, stockage, efflux), à réguler l'inflammation et à phagocyter les cellules apoptotiques, ils exercent des fonctions pro et/ou anti-athèrogènes qui peuvent être modulées à des fins thérapeutiques. Dans cette perspective, nous avons évalué le pouvoir thérapeutique des " macrophages protégés de l'apoptose " sur la progression des lésions d'athérosclérose constituées. Nous avons démontré que l'augmentation de la survie des macrophages permet de ralentir la progression des lésions, de stabiliser les lésions et de diminuer la cholestérolémie. Ces effets athéro-protecteurs sont attribués à l'augmentation des cellules de Kupffer et des monocytes Ly-6Clow en partie par leur capacité à produire de l'apolipoprotéine E. Nous montrons également que les cellules de Kupffer participent à la clairance des lipoprotéines pro-athérogènes. L'augmentation du pool d'apoE ainsi que l'augmentation des cellules de Kupffer permettent de diminuer la cholestérolémie et ainsi de diminuer la progression des lésions.Atherosclerosis represents a chronic pathophysiological process implicated in the majority of cardiovascular diseases. The development of atherosclerotic lesions is characterized by an accumulation of extra and intracellular lipids in the arterial wall at the origin of a strong inflammatory response involving macrophages.Macrophages are considered key actors in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, because of their ability to metabolize cholesterol (capture, storage, efflux), to regulate inflammation and to phagocyte apoptotic cells, they exert pro and/or anti-atherogenic functions that may be modulated therapeutically. In this context, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of macrophages protected against apoptosis, on the progression of established atherosclerotic lesions.We have demonstrated that increased macrophage survival can slow down the progression of established lesions, stabilize lesion and reduce cholesterol levels. These athero-protective effects are attributed to the increase in Kupffer cells and Ly-6Clow monocytes partly due to their ability to produce apolipoprotein E. We also show that Kupffer cells are involved in the clearance of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins. The increase in ApoE pool and in Kupffer cells reduces cholesterol levels and thus lesion progression

Apolipoprotein E and Atherosclerosis: From Lipoprotein Metabolism to MicroRNA Control of Inflammation

Apolipoprotein (apo) E stands out among plasma apolipoproteins through its unprecedented ability to protect against atherosclerosis. Although best recognized for its ability to mediate plasma lipoprotein clearance in the liver and protect against macrophage foam cell formation, our recent understanding of the influence that apoE can exert to control atherosclerosis has significantly widened. Among apoE&rsquo;s newfound athero-protective properties include an ability to control exaggerated hematopoiesis, blood monocyte activation and aortic stiffening in mice with hyperlipidemia. Mechanisms responsible for these exciting new properties extend beyond apoE&rsquo;s ability to prevent cellular lipid excess. Rather, new findings have revealed a role for apoE in regulating microRNA-controlled cellular signaling in cells of the immune system and vascular wall. Remarkably, infusions of apoE-responsive microRNA mimics were shown to substitute for apoE in protecting against systemic and vascular inflammation to suppress atherosclerosis in mice with hyperlipidemia. Finally, more recent evidence suggests that apoE may control the release of microvesicles that could modulate cellular signaling, inflammation and atherosclerosis at a distance. These exciting new findings position apoE within the emerging field of intercellular communication that could introduce new approaches to control atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease

Cushioned-Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (C-DGUC) improves the isolation efficiency of extracellular vesicles.

Ultracentrifugation (UC) is recognized as a robust approach for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, recent studies have highlighted limitations of UC including low recovery efficiencies and aggregation of EVs that could impact downstream functional analyses. We tested the benefit of using a liquid cushion of iodixanol during UC to address such shortcomings. In this study, we compared the yield and purity of EVs isolated from J774A.1 macrophage conditioned media by conventional UC and cushioned-UC (C-UC). We extended our study to include two other common EV isolation approaches: ultrafiltration (UF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) sedimentation. After concentrating EVs using these four methods, the concentrates underwent further purification by using OptiPrep density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC). Our data show that C-DGUC provides a two-fold improvement in EV recovery over conventional UC-DGUC. We also found that UF-DGUC retained ten-fold more protein while PEG-DGUC achieved similar performance in nanoparticle and protein recovery compared to C-DGUC. Regarding purity as assessed by nanoparticle to protein ratio, our data show that EVs isolated by UC-DGUC achieved the highest purity while C-DGUC and PEG-DGUC led to similarly pure preparations. Collectively, we demonstrate that the use of a high-density iodixanol cushion during the initial concentration step improves the yield of EVs derived from cell culture media compared to conventional UC. This enhanced yield without substantial retention of protein contaminants and without exposure to forces causing aggregation offers new opportunities for the isolation of EVs that can subsequently be used for functional studies