Terahertz Radiation Detection by Field Effect Transistor in Magnetic Field

We report on terahertz radiation detection with InGaAs/InAlAs Field Effect Transistors in quantizing magnetic field. The photovoltaic detection signal is investigated at 4.2 K as a function of the gate voltage and magnetic field. Oscillations analogous to the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, as well as their strong enhancement at the cyclotron resonance, are observed. The results are quantitatively described by a recent theory, showing that the detection is due to rectification of the terahertz radiation by plasma waves related nonlinearities in the gated part of the channel.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Helicity sensitive terahertz radiation detection by dual-grating-gate high electron mobility transistors

We report on the observation of a radiation helicity sensitive photocurrent excited by terahertz (THz) radiation in dual-grating-gate (DGG) InAlAs/InGaAs/InAlAs/InP high electron mobility transistors (HEMT). For a circular polarization the current measured between source and drain contacts changes its sign with the inversion of the radiation helicity. For elliptically polarized radiation the total current is described by superposition of the Stokes parameters with different weights. Moreover, by variation of gate voltages applied to individual gratings the photocurrent can be defined either by the Stokes parameter defining the radiation helicity or those for linear polarization. We show that artificial non-centrosymmetric microperiodic structures with a two-dimensional electron system excited by THz radiation exhibit a dc photocurrent caused by the combined action of a spatially periodic in-plane potential and spatially modulated light. The results provide a proof of principle for the application of DGG HEMT for all-electric detection of the radiation's polarization state.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Terahertz magneto-optical spectroscopy of two-dimensional hole and electron systems

We have used terahertz (THz) magneto-optical spectroscopy to investigate the cyclotron resonance in high mobility two-dimensional electron and hole systems. Our experiments reveal long-lived (~20 ps) coherent oscillations in the measured signal in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field. The cyclotron frequency extracted from the oscillations varies linearly with magnetic field for a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), as expected. However, we find that the complex non-parabolic valence band structure in a two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) causes the cyclotron frequency and effective mass to vary nonlinearly with the magnetic field, as verified by multiband Landau level calculations. This is the first time that THz magneto-optical spectroscopy has been used to study 2DHG, and we expect that these results will motivate further studies of these unique 2D nanosystems.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure

Room Temperature Coherent and Voltage Tunable Terahertz Emission from Nanometer-Sized Field Effect Transistors

We report on reflective electro-optic sampling measurements of TeraHertz emission from nanometer-gate-length InGaAs-based high electron mobility transistors. The room temperature coherent gate-voltage tunable emission is demonstrated. We establish that the physical mechanism of the coherent TeraHertz emission is related to the plasma waves driven by simultaneous current and optical excitation. A significant shift of the plasma frequency and the narrowing of the emission with increasing channel's current are observed and explained as due to the increase of the carriers density and drift velocity.Comment: 3 figure

Tuning ultrafast electron thermalization pathways in a van der Waals heterostructure

Ultrafast electron thermalization - the process leading to Auger recombination, carrier multiplication via impact ionization and hot carrier luminescence - occurs when optically excited electrons in a material undergo rapid electron-electron scattering to redistribute excess energy and reach electronic thermal equilibrium. Due to extremely short time and length scales, the measurement and manipulation of electron thermalization in nanoscale devices remains challenging even with the most advanced ultrafast laser techniques. Here, we overcome this challenge by leveraging the atomic thinness of two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials in order to introduce a highly tunable electron transfer pathway that directly competes with electron thermalization. We realize this scheme in a graphene-boron nitride-graphene (G-BN-G) vdW heterostructure, through which optically excited carriers are transported from one graphene layer to the other. By applying an interlayer bias voltage or varying the excitation photon energy, interlayer carrier transport can be controlled to occur faster or slower than the intralayer scattering events, thus effectively tuning the electron thermalization pathways in graphene. Our findings, which demonstrate a novel means to probe and directly modulate electron energy transport in nanoscale materials, represent an important step toward designing and implementing novel optoelectronic and energy-harvesting devices with tailored microscopic properties.Comment: Accepted to Nature Physic

Field Effect Transistors for Terahertz Detection: Physics and First Imaging Applications

Resonant frequencies of the two-dimensional plasma in FETs increase with the reduction of the channel dimensions and can reach the THz range for sub-micron gate lengths. Nonlinear properties of the electron plasma in the transistor channel can be used for the detection and mixing of THz frequencies. At cryogenic temperatures resonant and gate voltage tunable detection related to plasma waves resonances, is observed. At room temperature, when plasma oscillations are overdamped, the FET can operate as an efficient broadband THz detector. We present the main theoretical and experimental results on THz detection by FETs in the context of their possible application for THz imaging.Comment: 22 pages, 12 figures, review pape

Terahertz Detection Related to Plasma Excitations in Nanometer Gate Length Field Effect Transistor

International audienceThe channel of nanometre field effect transistor can act as a resonant cavity for plasma waves. The frequency of these plasma waves is in the Terahertz range and can be tuned by the gate length and the gate bias. During the last few years Terahertz detection and emission related to plasma wave instabilities in nanometre size field effect transistors was demonstrated experimentally. In this work we review the recent results on sub-THz and THz detection by 50-300nm gate length III-V HEMTs and Si MOSFETs. We present experimental results on the resonant and nonresonant (overdamped) plasma wave detection and discuss possible applications of nanometre field effect transistors as new detectors of THz radiations

SixGey:H-based micro-bolometers studied in the terahertz frequency range

International audienceSiGe-based bolometers originally designed for infrared operation have been tested as detectors of terahertz radiation. The obtained values of the responsivity and noise equivalent power show that these detectors can compete with conventional room temperature detectors such as pyroelectric detectors and Golay cells having an advantage in their compatibility with the CMOS technology

Reactive ion etching of high optical quality gan sapphire photonic crystal slab using ch4h2 chemistry

International audienceReactive ion etching (RIE) using a CH{sub 4}-H{sub 2} plasma is investigated for the fabrication of a GaN one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PhC) slab. The dominant control parameter for the etch rate and the sidewall profile is the dc bias. The influence of operating pressure, CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2} ratio, and total gas flow rate on the etching characteristics is also presented. An etch rate as high as 85 nm/min and an overcut angle as low as 5 degree sign obtained in this work are among the best values reported for conventional RIE technique. The CH{sub 4}-H{sub 2} process is used to etch 1D PhCs with a lattice parameter ranging from 700 to 350 nm and an air filling factor of 0.30 into a 600-nm-thick GaN/sapphire slab. Sharp peaks corresponding to the resonant modes of the nanopatterned structures are observed in the experimental reflection spectra for all the lattice periods. Furthermore, the good optical quality of the nanostructures is evidenced by a resonantly enhanced second-harmonic generation experiment around 400 nm. A second-harmonic generation enhancement factor as high as 10{sup 5} is obtained, compared with the unpatterned GaN reference slab. These results demonstrate that the CH{sub 4}-H{sub 2} conventional RIE technique is well adapted to the etching of GaN PhC for the fabrication of next generation photonic devices exploiting nonlinear processes