Efficient Elimination of Cancer Cells by Deoxyglucose-ABT-263/737 Combination Therapy

As single agents, ABT-263 and ABT-737 (ABT), molecular antagonists of the Bcl-2 family, bind tightly to Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w, but not to Mcl-1, and induce apoptosis only in limited cell types. The compound 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), in contrast, partially blocks glycolysis, slowing cell growth but rarely causing cell death. Injected into an animal, 2DG accumulates predominantly in tumors but does not harm other tissues. However, when cells that were highly resistant to ABT were pre-treated with 2DG for 3 hours, ABT became a potent inducer of apoptosis, rapidly releasing cytochrome c from the mitochondria and activating caspases at submicromolar concentrations in a Bak/Bax-dependent manner. Bak is normally sequestered in complexes with Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. 2DG primes cells by interfering with Bak-Mcl-1 association, making it easier for ABT to dissociate Bak from Bcl-xL, freeing Bak to induce apoptosis. A highly active glucose transporter and Bid, as an agent of the mitochondrial apoptotic signal amplification loop, are necessary for efficient apoptosis induction in this system. This combination treatment of cancer-bearing mice was very effective against tumor xenograft from hormone-independent highly metastasized chemo-resistant human prostate cancer cells, suggesting that the combination treatment may provide a safe and effective alternative to genotoxin-based cancer therapies

Christianity in the West : 1400-1700 /

A study not of the institution of the Church but of Christianity itself, this book explores the Christian people, their beliefs, and their way of life, providing a new understanding of Western Christianity at the time of the Reformation. Bossy begins with a systematic exposition of traditional or pre-Reformation Christianity, exploring the forces that tended to undermine it, the characteristics of the Protestant and Catholic regimes that superseded it, and the fall-out that resulted from its disintegration.Bibliography: p. [175]-182.Includes index.A study not of the institution of the Church but of Christianity itself, this book explores the Christian people, their beliefs, and their way of life, providing a new understanding of Western Christianity at the time of the Reformation. Bossy begins with a systematic exposition of traditional or pre-Reformation Christianity, exploring the forces that tended to undermine it, the characteristics of the Protestant and Catholic regimes that superseded it, and the fall-out that resulted from its disintegration

Essai de sociographie de la messe, 1200-1700

The mass as social institution 1200-1700. This essay is an attempt to analyse the social implications of the mass as a ritual during the later mediaeval and early modern periods, with a view to suggesting some reasons why it came to prove unacceptable in much of Europe during the sixteenth century. After an account of the structure and ideology of the mass as expounded by mediaeval commentators, it analyses first the sacrificial element of the mass, the canon, then the sacramental aspect, the communion : the Christian community is taken to be represented segmentally in the sacrifice. (attention is given to possible contexts for this view in the theory of sacrifice in general) and unitarity in the sacrament. The essay concludes with an exposition of the decline of social ritual (notably of the pax), both in the eucharistie rites of the Reformation and in the mass itself, from the sixteenth century onwards.Bossy John, Wane-Touzeau Marie-Solange. Essai de sociographie de la messe, 1200-1700. In: Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations. 36ᵉ année, N. 1, 1981. pp. 44-70