OPINIÃO DE MULHERES SOBRE A PARTICIPAÇÃO DO PAI NO ALEITAMENTO MATERNO

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de conhecer a opinião de mulheres puérperas sobre a participação do pai no processo de aleitamento materno. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo-exploratório, em que participaram 115 mulheres com filhos de dois a oito meses de idade. Os resultados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Evidenciou-se que o pai exerce influência no aleitamento materno e sua ajuda facilita o processo de amamentar. Além disso, as mulheres reconhecem a importância do pai como auxiliares e incentivadores do aleitamento materno. E quanto maior o apoio dos pais, maiores as chances de sucesso no aleitamento materno, segundo as mulheres. Portanto a participação paterna no processo de aleitamento materno deve ser incentivada

"Mobile cash" : la utilización de cajeros automáticos para la carga y extracción de efectivo en dispositivos móviles

Fil: Bossetti, Alejandra. Universidad de San Andrés. Escuela de Administración y Negocios; Argentina."El dinero en efectivo sigue siendo en el país el medio más utilizado para realizar pagos y para el intercambio entre particulares1. Para que esto pueda ser llevado a cabo el efectivo es transportado e intercambiado entre las distintas partes que intervienen en esa operación. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer un medio para facilitar la incorporación de ese efectivo a una forma digital. Para esto es necesario contar con elementos que atiendan las tres etapas del ciclo de gestión del efectivo: ingreso, intercambio y extracción. El propósito es que por medio de la incorporación de ese efectivo se genere una adopción del método propuesto y de esta forma ampliar la incorporación de la utilización de métodos digitales de operación. La propuesta es utilizar componentes tecnológicos que están disponibles en la actualidad en el país, para dar respuesta a este ciclo. Los elementos son, por un lado, el cajero automático que permite el ingreso y extracción del efectivo y por otro, los dispositivos móviles que son el medio para el intercambio. Para realizar estas funciones se utilizan elementos que, adicionados a los cajeros automáticos, permiten el reconocimiento de efectivo en el momento del ingreso y de esta forma realizar la carga del monto en el momento en el dispositivo móvil del usuario. Como segundo evento el usuario puede enviar el monto digital del efectivo que tiene disponible a otro usuario del sistema. Finalmente este usuario destinatario de ese efectivo digital puede, también por medio de su dispositivo móvil, realizar la extracción del efectivo en otro cajero automático. En este trabajo se tomó como base información de experiencias internacionales, características tecnológicas de los componentes utilizados en la propuesta, la cobertura de las instalaciones de cajeros automáticos en el país, características del mercado móvil Argentino, información del efectivo circulante, funcionalidades desarrolladas con estas tecnologías, aspectos regulatorios nacionales y conocimientos individuales sobre este tipo de industria. Con este material se elaboró esta propuesta de servicio, donde una empresa, en este caso se propone los procesadores de las redes de cajeros automáticos nacionales, pueda combinar la utilización de los mismos con los dispositivos móviles que están en poder de los consumidores y generar una red para el intercambio del efectivo digital. Palabras clave: ATM Automatic Teller Machine, Digital Cash, Cajero Automático, Mobile, Mobile- Payments, No-bancarizado."Prince, Alejandro, 1957

Design and Evaluation of a Transcutaneous Energy Transfer System

<p>A clinically viable brain-machine interface (BMI) requires a fully-implanted wireless neural acquisition system to limit the impediments of percutaneous connections. For an implanted system with an appreciable telemetry range, and where significant</p><p>neural signal processing is performed continuously, a major obstacle for clinical application is the need for a power source. Existing battery technology and wireless power delivery systems have not addressed the need for a mid-range power supply, capable</p><p>of 1-3 W delivery, that limits both induced noise and temperature rise. These factors are crucial for the succesful operation of a fully-implanted neural acquisition system. This work seeks to fill this void, and presents both a wireless power solution suitable for a neural recording device, and a system capable of real time monitoring of tissue temperature rise.</p><p>During this research, a 2 W transcutaneous energy transfer system (TETS) was designed, built and tested. The TETS was designed specifically for a 96-channel implanted neural data acquisition system, which requires continuous power. The major design constraints were tolerance to coil misalignment, low induced noise,</p><p>and reasonable efficiency. The design of the primary circuit consists of an H-bridge switching network driving a planar spiral Litz wire primary coil. The primary also incoporates a novel circuit for detecting the presence of the secondary. The implanted secondary components include a complimentary planar spiral coil connected to a voltage doubling rectifier. The key approach to mitigating axial coil misalignments was the use of step-down switching regulators in the secondary. With this approach, link efficiency remained nearly constant at 40%, for axial coil displacements of up to 2 cm.</p><p>Noise in the recorded neural signals was minimized using two techniques. First, the 250 kHz operating frequency of the system was tuned, such that the aliased harmonics of the switching frequency lay above the bandwidth of the amplifier used for neural recording. The second approach was to limit the impact of induced displacement currents in the body by physically separating the recording front end from the power supply components. A large titanium enclosure was used to house some of the secondary electronics, and provided a low impedance return path for further</p><p>reduction of current-induced noise.</p><p>Limiting the temperature rise of internal components was also a critical design constraint. The need for real time temperature information led to the design of a six channel temperature measurement system and incorporation of the temperature data into the acquisition system data transmission scheme. This system consisted of bead thermistor temperature transducers, and an off-the-shelf microcontroller with a built-in instrumentation amplifier.</p><p>The TETS and temperature system was fully tested in an ovine model during several acute studies. Recorded temperature rise was limited to approximately 5.5&deg C when the system was implanted at an adequate depth in muscle. The TETS was able to successfully power the 2 W neural acquisition system during a data processing task. Received rectified voltage in the secondary ranged from 14.86 V to 20.2 V, while link efficiency remained virtually constant. Acquired neural data was examined for TETS switching noise. The measured RMS noise increased by less than 1 &mu V, averaged over several experiments. These results demonstrate the first mid-range TETS solution for powering a fully implanted neural acquisition system.</p>Dissertatio

The Incentives to Participate in and the Stability of International Climate Coalitions: A Game-Theoretic Approach Using the WITCH Model

This paper uses WITCH, an integrated assessment model with a game-theoretic structure, to explore the prospects for, and the stability of broad coalitions to achieve ambitious climate change mitigation action. Only coalitions including all large emitting regions are found to be technically able to meet a concentration stabilisation target below 550 ppm CO2eq by 2100. Once the free-riding incentives of non-participants are taken into account, only a “grand coalition” including virtually all regions can be successful. This grand coalition is profitable as a whole, implying that all countries can gain from participation provided appropriate transfers are made across them. However, neither the grand coalition nor smaller but still environmentally significant coalitions appear to be stable. This is because the collective welfare surplus from cooperation is not found to be large enough for transfers to offset the free-riding incentives of all countries simultaneously. Some factors omitted from the analysis, which might improve coalition stability, include the co-benefits from mitigation action, the costless removal of fossil fuel subsidies, as well as alternative assumptions regarding countries’ bargaining behaviour. Incitations à participer à des coalitions internationales de lutte contre le changement climatique et stabilité de ces coalitions : Une analyse en théorie des jeux à l'aide du modèle WITCH Cet article utilise WITCH, un modèle d’évaluation intégré doté d’une structure en théorie des jeux, pour explorer les perspectives et la stabilité de larges coalitions de lutte contre le changement climatique. Il ressort que seules des coalitions incluant toutes les principales régions émettrices ont la capacité technique d’atteindre une cible de stabilisation des concentrations inférieure à 550 ppm CO2eq à l’horizon 2100. Une fois pris en compte les comportements de passager clandestin des régions non-participantes, seule une « grande coalition » regroupant pratiquement toutes les régions du monde est susceptible d’atteindre une telle cible. Cette grande coalition est profitable, impliquant qu’il est toujours possible de mettre en place un ensemble de transferts entre pays tel que tous gagnent à participer. Cependant, ni la grande coalition, ni des coalitions de moindre de taille mais néanmoins significatives d’un point de vue environnemental, n’apparaissent stables. Ceci tient au fait que le surplus collectif engendré par la coopération n’est pas suffisant pour permettre des transferts offrant à tous les pays simultanément les gains qu’ils tireraient d’un comportement de passager clandestin. Certains facteurs non pris en compte ici pourraient améliorer la stabilité des coalitions, tels les bénéfices connexes de la lutte contre le changement climatique, la possibilité de supprimer sans coût les subventions aux énergies fossiles, ou encore des hypothèses alternatives concernant le comportement de négociation des pays.climate coalition, game theory, free riding, climate policy, passager clandestin, politique climatique, coalition climatique, théorie des jeux