Quantum sensing with arbitrary frequency resolution

Quantum sensing takes advantage of well controlled quantum systems for performing measurements with high sensitivity and precision. We have implemented a concept for quantum sensing with arbitrary frequency resolution, independent of the qubit probe and limited only by the stability of an external synchronization clock. Our concept makes use of quantum lock-in detection to continuously probe a signal of interest. Using the electronic spin of a single nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, we demonstrate detection of oscillating magnetic fields with a frequency resolution of 70 uHz over a MHz bandwidth. The continuous sampling further guarantees an excellent sensitivity, reaching a signal-to-noise ratio in excess of 10,000:1 for a 170 nT test signal measured during a one-hour interval. Our technique has applications in magnetic resonance spectroscopy, quantum simulation, and sensitive signal detection.Comment: Manuscript resubmitted to Science. Includes Supplementary Material

The Formation of Fragments at Corotation in Isothermal Protoplanetary Disks

Numerical hydrodynamics simulations have established that disks which are evolved under the condition of local isothermality will fragment into small dense clumps due to gravitational instabilities when the Toomre stability parameter $Q$ is sufficiently low. Because fragmentation through disk instability has been suggested as a gas giant planet formation mechanism, it is important to understand the physics underlying this process as thoroughly as possible. In this paper, we offer analytic arguments for why, at low $Q$, fragments are most likely to form first at the corotation radii of growing spiral modes, and we support these arguments with results from 3D hydrodynamics simulations.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figur

High resolution quantum sensing with shaped control pulses

We investigate the application of amplitude-shaped control pulses for enhancing the time and frequency resolution of multipulse quantum sensing sequences. Using the electronic spin of a single nitrogen vacancy center in diamond and up to 10,000 coherent microwave pulses with a cosine square envelope, we demonstrate 0.6 ps timing resolution for the interpulse delay. This represents a refinement by over 3 orders of magnitude compared to the 2 ns hardware sampling. We apply the method for the detection of external AC magnetic fields and nuclear magnetic resonance signals of carbon-13 spins with high spectral resolution. Our method is simple to implement and especially useful for quantum applications that require fast phase gates, many control pulses, and high fidelity.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, plus supplemental materia

Northward range extension of Cyclinella tenuis Recluz

The venerid bivalve, C. tenuis, was described by Recluz (1852. Jour. de Conch., 3: 250) from Baie de la Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles. The northernmost occurrence of C. tenuis was reported as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, by Dall (1889. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 37, p. 56) and Johnson (1934. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 40: 48). (...

Dynamical Stability and Habitability of Gamma Cephei Binary-Planetary System

It has been suggested that the long-lived residual radial velocity variations observed in the precision radial velocity measurements of the primary of Gamma Cephei (HR8974, HD222404, HIP116727) are likely due to a Jupiter-like planet around this star (Hatzes et al, 2003). In this paper, the orbital dynamics of this plant is studied and also the possibility of the existence of a hypothetical Earth-like planet in the habitable zone of its central star is discussed. Simulations, which have been carried out for different values of the eccentricity and semimajor axis of the binary, as well as the orbital inclination of its Jupiter-like planet, expand on previous studies of this system and indicate that, for the values of the binary eccentricity smaller than 0.5, and for all values of the orbital inclination of the Jupiter-like planet ranging from 0 to 40 degrees, the orbit of this planet is stable. For larger values of the binary eccentricity, the system becomes gradually unstable. Integrations also indicate that, within this range of orbital parameters, a hypothetical Earth-like planet can have a long-term stable orbit only at distances of 0.3 to 0.8 AU from the primary star. The habitable zone of the primary, at a range of approximately 3.1 to 3.8 AU, is, however, unstable.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, submitted for publicatio

Tracking the precession of single nuclear spins by weak measurements

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for analyzing the structure and function of molecules, and for performing three-dimensional imaging of the spin density. At the heart of NMR spectrometers is the detection of electromagnetic radiation, in the form of a free induction decay (FID) signal, generated by nuclei precessing around an applied magnetic field. While conventional NMR requires signals from 1e12 or more nuclei, recent advances in sensitive magnetometry have dramatically lowered this number to a level where few or even individual nuclear spins can be detected. It is natural to ask whether continuous FID detection can still be applied at the single spin level, or whether quantum back-action modifies or even suppresses the NMR response. Here we report on tracking of single nuclear spin precession using periodic weak measurements. Our experimental system consists of carbon-13 nuclear spins in diamond that are weakly interacting with the electronic spin of a nearby nitrogen-vacancy center, acting as an optically readable meter qubit. We observe and minimize two important effects of quantum back-action: measurement-induced decoherence and frequency synchronization with the sampling clock. We use periodic weak measurements to demonstrate sensitive, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy of multiple nuclear spins with a priori unknown frequencies. Our method may provide the optimum route for performing single-molecule NMR at atomic resolution.Comment: 29 pages including methods and extended data figures; for supplementary material, see v1 of this submissio

Evaluating satellite estimates of particulate backscatter in the global open ocean using autonomous profiling floats

Satellite retrievals of particulate backscattering (bbp) are widely used in studies of ocean ecology and biogeochemistry, but have been historically difficult to validate due to the paucity of available ship-based comparative field measurements. Here we present a comparison of satellite and in situ bbp using observations from autonomous floats (n = 2,486 total matchups across three satellites), which provide bbp at 700 nm. With these data, we quantify how well the three inversion products currently distributed by NASA ocean color retrieve bbp. We find that the median ratio of satellite derived bbp to float bbp ranges from 0.77 to 1.60 and Spearman’s rank correlations vary from r = 0.06 to r = 0.79, depending on which algorithm and sensor is used. Model skill degrades with increased spatial variability in remote sensing reflectance, which suggests that more rigorous matchup criteria and factors contributing to sensor noisiness may be useful to address in future work, and/or that we have built in biases in the current widely distributed inversion algorithms

Common Genetic Variant Association with Altered HLA Expression, Synergy with Pyrethroid Exposure, and Risk for Parkinson's Disease: An Observational and Case-Control Study.

Background/objectivesThe common non-coding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3129882 in HLA-DRA is associated with risk for idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The location of the SNP in the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) locus implicates regulation of antigen presentation as a potential mechanism by which immune responses link genetic susceptibility to environmental factors in conferring lifetime risk for PD.MethodsFor immunophenotyping, blood cells from 81 subjects were analyzed by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. A case-control study was performed on a separate cohort of 962 subjects to determine association of pesticide exposure and the SNP with risk of PD.ResultsHomozygosity for G at this SNP was associated with heightened baseline expression and inducibility of MHC class II molecules in B cells and monocytes from peripheral blood of healthy controls and PD patients. In addition, exposure to a commonly used class of insecticide, pyrethroids, synergized with the risk conferred by this SNP (OR = 2.48, p = 0.007), thereby identifying a novel gene-environment interaction that promotes risk for PD via alterations in immune responses.ConclusionsIn sum, these novel findings suggest that the MHC-II locus may increase susceptibility to PD through presentation of pathogenic, immunodominant antigens and/or a shift toward a more pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cell response in response to specific environmental exposures, such as pyrethroid exposure through genetic or epigenetic mechanisms that modulate MHC-II gene expression