FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ACNE GEL CONTAINING MURRAYA KOEINIGII EXTRACT

Objective: Acne, one among the very fashionable socially distressing skin conditions created by Propionibacterium acne have generally been treated by antibiotics. Within the light of the growing threat of antibiotic resistance, natural plant products are applied as a safer alternative. Keeping the very fact in the background, during this research work, the formulation of gel from the extracts of Murraya koeinigii leaves are prepared and evaluated as an anti-acne drug. Methods: The fresh leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical and antimicrobial screening. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) decided. Gel formulation of the extracts was developed and evaluated. The manufactured formulations were subjected to In vitro antibacterial activity against P. acnes, S. epidermidis and S. aureus. The marker compound, clindamycin, in herbal anti-acne preparation, was kept for the comparison with the zones of inhibition for antibacterial activity. Results: Anti-acne property was explored with the help of a standard curve and by comparing diffusion profiles by taking clindamycin as a reference. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that addition of permeation enhancer in the test formulation will improve the diffusion profile and thus it was designed to add permeation enhancer

PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE TREATMENT OF ARTHRITIS: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE

The objective of the present review is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals against arthritis, which is asymptomatic disorder of chronic joint inflammation followed by swelling and pain. Here, we discussed about the anti-arthritic activity of many phytomolecules such as Norisoboldine, Berberine, Triptolide, Hesperidin Hesperidin, Madecassocide, Hydroxy napthoquinone, Ginsenoside, Cryptotanshinone, Kirenol, Thymoquinone, Chlorogenic acid, Curcumin, Bromelain, Andrographolide and Allicin. These compounds are able to control inflammatory responses, proinflammatory cytokines, osteoclast differentiation and to prevent bone erosion in the joints. In this article, we reviewed anti-arthritic activities of phytichemicals from 2011-2019, using various scientific websites like PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct etc. Till date clinical trials conducted with anti-arthritic phytomolecules are very less. Hence, more clinical trials are needed to bring plant molecules as safe and effective anti-arthritic drugs in the market, either alone or in combination with other anti-arthritic agents

On the robustness of the predictive distribution for sampling from finite populations

Let [pi]N be the prior distribution on the number of items belonging to each of K([greater-or-equal, slanted]2) categories in a population of size N. It is shown that the marginal probability distribution of an ordered sample of items selected without replacement does not depend on N, provided the distributions {[pi]N} satisfy a simple relationship. This relationship holds for prior distributions in the multivariate Pólya-Eggenberger family. This distribution is also the same as that of an iid sample with the limit of [pi]N as prior. Thus one has non-dependence of the predictive distribution on the population size and one can quantify the sensitivity of the predictive to uncertainty about the prior.Finite population Hypergeometric Limit distribution Multinomial Multivariate Multivariate hypergeometric Polya urn model Polya-Eggenberger distributions Predictive distribution Sampling distribution Sampling without replacement

Bayesian robustness with shape-constrained priors and mixture priors

A common concern with Bayesian analysis is uncertainty in specification of the prior distribution. The robust Bayesian solution to this difficulty is to work with a class of prior distributions, reflecting uncertainty in elicitation, instead of a single prior. Interest then focuses on the range of the posterior expectations of certain parametric functions as the prior varies over the class being considered--if this range is small, one has robustness. Some posterior expectations of interest are posterior moments or posterior probability for the parameter to belong to an interval. One of the classes of priors that has been considered is the density-ratio bounded (DRB) class of De-Robertis and Hartigan (1981). We look at DRB classes of unimodal and symmetric priors and obtain results for minimising and maximising certain posterior expectations of a single parameter. Due to the shape constraints on the priors, the degree of the final numerical minimisation to which the problem is reduced, depends on the number of peaks and troughs of a ratio function involving the parametric function and the likelihood. These results do not generalise well to the case of several parameters. Other methods are considered which work for the multiparameter as well as the single parameter case--mixture classes to various sorts. We look at mixtures of uniforms on different sets, for example, rectangles and spheres, and mixtures of spherically symmetric densities. We state theorems for the cases where the mixing distribution lies in a DRB class or in a DB class and also for the class of $\epsilon$-contamination by mixture densities. Such classes are quite flexible, allowing various types of priors. In several dimensions there are a number of definitions of symmetry and unimodality. In Chapter 3, we consider these various definitions in successive sections. The main difficulty lies in transforming available prior information to construct a suitable mixture class of priors. Some possibilities are suggested for modelling prior beliefs by such classes, for instance by modelling (ranges of) tail thickness

Non-dependence of the predictive distribution on the population size

We show that, given the number of defectives in a sample, the predictive distribution of the number of defectives in a subsequent sample does not depend on the population size provided a simple relationship holds between the prior distributions on the number of defectives in the population, for varying population sizes.Polya-Eggenberger distributions Predictive distribution Uniform prior

Reverse micelle-mediated synthesis of calcium phosphate nanocarriers for controlled release of bovine serum albumin

Calcium phosphate (CaP) nanoparticles with a calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) molar ratio of 1.5:1 were synthesized using reverse microemulsion. Ca(NO 3) 2·4H 2O and H 3PO 4 were used as the aqueous phase, cyclohexane as the organic phase and poly(oxyethylene) 12 nonylphenol ether (NP-12) as the surfactant. Depending on the calcination temperature between 600 and 800 °C, CaP nanoparticle showed different phases of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), particle size between 48 and 69 nm, and a BET specific average surface area between 73 and 57 m 2 g −1. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model protein to study loading and release behavior. The adsorptive property of BSA was investigated by the change in BET surface area of these nanoparticles and the pH of the suspension. At pH 7.5, the maximum amount of BSA was adsorbed onto CaP nanoparticle. The release kinetics of BSA showed a gradual time-dependent increase in pH 4.0 and 6.0 buffer solutions. However, the amount of protein released was significantly smaller at pH 7.2. The BSA release rate also varied depending on the presence of different phases of CaPs in the system, β-TCP or CDHA. These results suggest that the BSA protein release rate can be controlled by changing the particle size, surface area and phase composition of the CaP nanocarriers

ANTI-ULCER AGENTS: A PHARMACOLOGICAL UPDATE OF THE PAST TEN YEARS

New anti-ulcer substances are still vitally necessary for the people of countries such as India and South Africa to avoid high cost of the most prescribed marketed anti-ulcer drugs (proton-pump inhibitors). New candidate against gastric ulcer is also necessary to avoid the potential problem (enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia may be induced) associated with the long-term use of synthetic proton-pump inhibitors. However, the search for the novel entity against ulceration is challenging because of the complexity of the ulcer process and its role in host defense to infections. Nature is the source of remedies for the humankind. Among the different biological activities of the natural products that have been published till date, anti-ulcer is one of the most reported effects. Some single natural products such as curcumin, 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone, cinnamic acid, thymol, epoxycarvone, and menthol; single synthetic products such as, 4,6-diaryl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones, 1,4-dihydropyrimidine derivatives, and dihydropyrimidinone and piperidine hybrids; plant products such as Aloe vera, Mangifera indica, Zingiber officinale, Azadirachta indica, Psidium guava, Carica papaya, Panax ginseng, Terminalia chebula, Ocimum sanctum, Daucus carota, and Mimosa pudica, Alpinia galangal; nutraceuticals such as garlic, cauliflower, banana, honey, cucumber, and cod liver oil with anti-ulcer effects have been discussed in this review. A complete review of literature was conducted using different databases on ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. This review is a genuine attempt to explore the past 10 years’ pharmacological update of some anti-ulcer agents

EVALUATION OF IN VITRO HEPATIC TOXICITY OF LEAVES OF PTEROSPERMUM ACERIFOLIUM (L.) WILLD.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the in vitro hepatic toxicity profile of methanolic extract of leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. (MEPA) using a mammalian hepatic cell line (HepG2). Methods: To assess its in vitro hepatic toxicity, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay using MEPA at a concentration of 25 μg, 50 μg, 100 μg, 200 μg, and 300 μg was carried out. Sorafenib tosylate was used as the standard agent to assess cytotoxicity. Results: The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value for HepG2 cell lines was determined after 24 h. Thereafter the cytotoxicity study was again performed with the ½ IC50, IC50, and 2IC50 doses of MEPA. Experimentally, the IC50 was found to be 150.42 μg/ml for HepG2 using MEPA. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity and reduction in optical density were also observed with incremental MEPA administration. Conclusion: The cytotoxic potential of MEPA was found to be much less than that of sorafenib tosylate. Thus, MEPA shows in vitro cytotoxicity in mammalian hepatic cells (HepG2) at a concentration as low as 100 μg