An updated overview on the relationship between human gut microbiome dysbiosis and psychiatric and psychological disorders

Existe mucha evidencia que establece que el desarrollo del sistema nervioso está relacionado con la composición y funciones del microbioma intestinal. Además, el sistema nervioso central (SNC) controla el desequilibrio de la microbiota intestinal, constituyendo un sistema de comunicación bidireccional. En la actualidad, se han descrito varias rutas de comunicación entre el intestino y el cerebro, incluidos circuitos inmunológicos, endocrinos y neuronales a través de la vía vagal. Varios datos empíricos han asociado alteraciones de la microbiota intestinal (disbiosis) con enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas, como Enfermedad de Alzheimer, autismo y enfermedad de Parkinson, y con otros trastornos psicológicos, como ansiedad y depresión. La terapia de trasplante de microbiota fecal (FMT) ha demostrado que la microbiota intestinal puede transferir características de comportamiento a los animales receptores, lo que proporciona pruebas sólidas para establecer una relación causal-efecto. Las intervenciones, basadas en prebióticos, probióticos o simbióticos, han demostrado una importante influencia de la microbiota en los trastornos neurológicos mediante la síntesis de compuestos neuroactivos que interactúan con el sistema nervioso y por la regulación de procesos inflamatorios y endocrinos. Se necesitan más investigaciones para demostrar la influencia de la disbiosis de la microbiota intestinal en los trastornos psiquiátricos y psicológicos, y cómo las intervenciones basadas en la microbiota pueden usarse como posibles herramientas terapéuticas.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

Human gut microbiome, diet, and mental disorders.

Diet is one of the most important external factor shaping the composition and metabolic activities of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host health, including immune system development, nutrients metabolism, and the synthesis of bioactive molecules. In addition, the gut microbiome has been described as critical for the development of several mental disorders. Nutritional psychiatry is an emerging field of research that may provide a link between diet, microbial function, and brain health. In this study, we have reviewed the influence of different diet types, such as Western, Mediterranean, vegetarian, and ketogenic, on the gut microbiota composition and function, and their implication in various neuropsychiatric and psychological disorders.Funding for Open Access: Universidad de Málaga/CBU

Influence of human gut microbiome on the healthy and the neurodegenerative aging

The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host health throughout the lifespan by influencing brain function during aging. The microbial diversity of the human gut microbiome decreases during the aging process and, as a consequence, several mechanisms increase, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory response, and microbial gut dysbiosis. Moreover, evidence indicates that aging and neurodegeneration are closely related; consequently, the gut microbiome may serve as a novel marker of lifespan in the elderly. In this narrative study, we investigated how the changes in the composition of the gut microbiome that occur in aging influence to various neuropathological disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD); and which are the possible mechanisms that govern the relationship between the gut microbiome and cognitive impairment. In addition, several studies suggest that the gut microbiome may be a potential novel target to improve hallmarks of brain aging and to promote healthy cognition; therefore, current and future therapeutic interventions have been also reviewed.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

Bacterias depredadoras

The interactions established between bacteria are very broad and diverse, some of them are positive such as mutualism, syntrophism, or protocooperation, others are neutral interactions such as commensalism, and others are negative relationships, including antagonism, competition, parasitism and predation. This article reviews the different strategies that certain bacteria (predators) use to hunt and kill other bacteria (prey), the main characteristics necessary for predation, the defense mechanisms of prey, and the biotechnological applications of this microbial interaction.Las interacciones establecidas entre las bacterias son muy amplias y diversas, algunas son positivas como el mutualismo, el sintrofismo, o la protocooperación, otras son neutras como el comensalismo, y otras negativas, incluyendo el antagonismo, la competencia, el parasitismo y la depredación. En este artículo se repasa las diferentes estrategias que utilizan ciertas bacterias (depredadoras) para cazar y depredar a otras bacterias (presas), las principales características necesarias para la depredación, los mecanismos de defensa de las presas, y las aplicaciones biotecnológicas de esta interacción microbiana

“Combate entre microorganismos”: la nueva estrategia para controlar el dengue y la malaria

Biological control is a common and widespread practice used for pest control, and is based on the convolution of species, understood as a process of reciprocal interactions involving two or more species. There are a multitude of examples and applications of this strategy, such as phytoinsecticides, the use of predatory insects, parasitism between insects and arachnids, etc. These methods have been applied to solve important problems, and their use has expanded since the publication of a series of standards (UNE 155400:2008) that allow certifying and differentiating the plant product based on its treatment with insects for the control of various pests.La lucha biológica es una práctica común y extendida que se emplea para el control de plagas, y se basa en la convolución de especies, entendida como un proceso de interacciones recíprocas que involucran a dos o más especies. Hay una multitud de ejemplos y aplicaciones de esta estrategia, como pueden ser los fitoinsecticidas, el uso de insectos depredadores, parasitismos entre insectos y arácnidos, etc. Estos métodos se han aplicado para solucionar problemas importantes, y su uso se ha extendido desde la publicación de una serie de normas (UNE 155400:2008) que permiten certificar y diferenciar el producto vegetal en función de su tratamiento con insectos para el control de diversas plagas

Determination of the Composition of Bio-Oils from the Pyrolysis of Orange Waste and Orange Pruning and Use of Biochars for the Removal of Sulphur from Waste Cooking Oils

Waste generated in the agri-food sector is a potential source of biomass and other products of high added value. In this work, the pyrolysis of orange waste and orange pruning was carried out to produce adsorbent biochars and characterise the bio-oils aiming for high-added-value compounds. Pyrolysis was carried out in a vertical tubular furnace on the laboratory scale modifying the temperature (400–600 °C), the heating ramp (5–20 °C·min−1) to reach the previous temperature and the inert gas flow rate (30–300 mL Ar·min−1) throughout the furnace. The most suitable conditions for obtaining biochar were found to be 400 °C, 5 °C·min−1, and 150 mL Ar·min−1 for orange waste, and 400 °C, 10 °C·min−1, and 150 mL Ar·min−1 for orange pruning. Thermogravimetric analysis showed higher thermal stability for orange pruning due to its higher lignin content (20% vs. 5% wt. on a wet basis). The bio-oil composition was determined by GC-MS. Toluene and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were the main compounds found in orange waste bio-oils, while orange pruning bio-oils were composed mainly of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone. Finally, the removal of the sulphur content from waste cooking oil was assayed with the biochars from both orange waste and orange pruning, whose BET surface areas were previously determined. Despite their low specific surface areas (≤1 m2·g−1 for orange waste biochars and up to 24.3 m2·g−1 for orange pruning biochars), these biochars achieved a reduction of the initial sulphur content of the waste cooking oil between 66.4% and 78.8%.European Union under the LIFE 13 BIOSEVILLE Programme ENV/ES/1113 (analysis, materials and salaries)European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the CARBOENERGY project (materials and salaries) granted by the FEDER INNTERCONECT

Virulence properties of three new Photobacterium species affecting cultured fish.

https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/6895Several virulence factors of three new Photobacterium species: Photobacterium toruni, Photobacterium malacitanum and Photobacterium andalusiense associated with diseases of cultured redbanded seabream (Pagrus auriga) were studied. The exoenzymatic activities, adherence and cytotoxic capabilities, and iron-uptake mechanisms were determined both in bacterial extracellular products (ECP) and whole bacterial cells. The histopathology damages provoked on redbanded seabream by the ECP was also studied

Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV-Sa), polyomavirus 1 (SaPyV1) and papillomavirus 1 (SaPV1) in samples of Mediterranean gilthead seabream

Lymphocystis disease, caused by the iridovirus lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), is characterized by the appearance of tumour-like lesions on the skin of affected animals associated with several environmental factors and/or with stress due to the intensive culture conditions of fish farms. In a previous study, the genomes of a new LCDV species, LCDV-Sa, were detected, together with 2 previously unknown viruses, Sparus aurata papillomavirus 1 (SaPV1) and Sparus aurata polyomavirus 1 (SaPyV1). Gilthead seabream from 17 fish farms in Spain, Italy and Turkey were sampled between 2009 and 2015 to investigate the role of the newly described SaPV1 and SaPyV1 viruses in lymphocystis disease development. Our results show that in diseased fish, either or both of the new viruses are almost invariably detected together with LCDV (98%). In asymptomatic fish, these viruses were detected in a much lower percentage (28%) and mostly in concurrence with LCDV (24%). These data confirm the suspected association among the 3 different viruses during lymphocystis disease development in gilthead seabream and warrant future studies to establish their respective contributions

Senegalese sole immune response against betanodavirus recombinants harboring modifications in the 3' terminal region of the RNA1

The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the etiological agent of the viral nervous necrosis (VNN), a disease affecting a high number of fish species worldwide. NNV genome is composed of two segments RNA1 and RNA2, encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the capsid protein, respectively. NNV has been classified into four species: SJNNV, TPNNV, RGNNV and BFNNV. Furthermore, reassortants between RGNNV and SJNNV have been reported, such as wt160 isolated from Senegalese sole, which presents a RGNNV-RNA1 and a SJNNV-RNA2 type segments, and causes 100% mortality in this fish species. This isolate exhibited differences in the 3’ NCR of both genomic segments when compared to the reference strains of each genotype. In this study, the effect on virulence of the substitutions observed in the 3’NCR of the wt160-RNA1 has been evaluated, by the development of two recombinants harbouring mutations at position 3073 and 3093, which make the wt160-RNA1 similar to the reference RGNNV. Moreover, immune response of sole against the infection with these recombinants compared to the wild-type, has been evaluated using an OpenArray. The infection with the recombinants r3073 and r3093 decreased the mortality to 29.3% and 25.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the number of DEGs was higher at 3 days than at 2 days p.i., after the infection with the three viruses, being the number of DEG quite similar among viruses. Significant differences between DEG fold changes after infection with the mutants and the wt160 will be discussed. It should be highlighted that at 2 days p.i., the gene gig1 was not expressed after the infection with r3073 and r3093. However, at 3 days p.i. this gene was expressed at the highest level after the infection with the three viruses. Moreover, the infection with the wt160 induced the down-regulation of the genes gilt and magel2, which was not observed after the infections with r3073.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech