An assessment of the economic sustainability of Jatropha-based biodiesel initiatives: implications for labour and rural livelihoods

Crude oil is the single most utilized resource for energy and global demand is expected to increase 40 – 50 % that of current levels by the years 2025 to 2030. One renewable energy alternative is liquid biofuel, which currently is one of the fastest-growing markets for agricultural products globally. Whilst reducing environmental impact is well appreciated in developed nations, powerful drivers for stimulating the biofuel market in poorer regions of the world are socio-economic in nature. A plant of great contemporary importance is Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) which produces inedible oil seeds with good properties for biodiesel refinement. Promoters of Jatropha motivate that the benefits associated with this biodiesel feedstock are a solution to many of the developing world’s socio-economic problems as it generates high levels of rural employment, improves national balance of trade and stimulates both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors associated with the Jatropha-biodiesel production chain. Jatropha needs to be pruned often initially to establish higher yields, it isn’t at present harvested mechanically, it requires pesticide application and weeding, and the labour requirement during establishment is high. This labour requirement may contribute greatly to rural employment but at a significant labour cost which may undermine the profitability of growing Jatropha. This research aims to assess the economic sustainability of Jatropha-based biodiesel production as a suitable driver for rural development and in particular by modelling the maximum potential financial returns for labour. A spreadsheet based financial model was developed from life-cycle economic analysis of the Jatropha-biodiesel production chain to determine if income can support labour wages in southern Africa and India, under local wage legislation, at different yield, production cost and fuel price scenarios. The main assumption of the model was that the biodiesel sales price is proportional to the prevailing petro-diesel price. During the execution of the study it became apparent that the application of the conceptual model is strongest for India however, for comparative reasons, South Africa and Zambia were included. Results suggest that minimum legal wages in South Africa are too high to support production at the current fuel price. India and Zambia have the potential to generate profits but under specific circumstances; which are a complex function dominated by yield, labour wages, the petroleum-diesel price and the market opportunities for by-products. Financial capital is among many complex and almost unquantifiable assets to rural livelihoods, many of which compete for labour opportunity. In the 1990’s a sustainable livelihoods framework was developed by the UK Department for International Development (DFID). At the core of the framework is the “belief that people require a range of assets to achieve positive livelihood outcomes”, categorized into five different capital forms, namely; natural, human, financial, social and physical. The impacts that the biofuel industry can have on rural livelihoods in southern Africa and India can be considerable

Labor Law- Railway Labor Act-Union Referendum Provisions as an Indication of Failure to Bargain in Good Faith

In negotiations arising out of a major dispute under the Railway Labor Act, defendant\u27s union representatives were prohibited by a provision in the union constitution from reaching any final agreement without the proposals having first been adopted by a majority vote of the union membership. At the bargaining table, the union representatives presented no specific proposals or counter-proposals; when a management offer was made and presented to the union membership, the representatives refused either to sign it or to recommend its adoption. The management proposal was defeated at the union referendum, and a strike date was set. Plaintiff railroad sought a temporary injunction against the strike in the federal district court, contending that the union had not bargained in good faith. Held, temporary injunction granted. The actions of the union representatives, coupled with the referendum requirement of the union constitution, frustrated the intent of the RLA to facilitate the expeditious settlement of labor-management disputes. Chicago, R.I. & Pac. R.R. v. Switchmen\u27s Union, 187 F. Supp. 581 (W.D.N.Y. 1960)