MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF POULTRY FEED

Mikrobiološka ispravnost hrane za perad temeljni je preduvjet zdravlja i proizvodnosti u peradarstvu. Prisutnost različitih bakterija kao što su primjerice bakterije iz rodova Salmonella, Clostridium, E. coli i Staphylococcus te plijesni u hrani indirektno mogu predstavljaju problem i u javnom zdravstvu. Razlog tome su patogenost, toksikogenost, sposobnost prilagođavanja bakterija i plijesni na različite uvjete okoliša te različite mogućnosti širenja patogenih mikroorganizama. U peradarstvu, mikrobiološki neispravna hrana, pored štetnog u_inka na zdravlje životinja, uzrokuje i ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji. U našem istraživanju ispitivali smo mikrobiološku ispravnost uzoraka kukuruza, gotovih smjesa i mesno koštanog brašna. Utvrđeno je 4,5% neispravnih uzoraka zbog prisutnosti bakterija iz rodova Salmonella i Clostridium. Ukupan broj bakterija koji je prelazio dozvoljeni maksimalni broj u hrani utvrđen je u 2,5% uzoraka. U 5,5% uzoraka utvrđen je ukupan broj kvasaca i plijesni koji je bio iznad dopuštene granice pri čemu su najčešće utvrđene plijesni pripadale rodovima Fusarium i Mucor. Usprkos pretraženom relativno malom broju uzoraka, utvrđeni rezultati ukazuju na pojavnost mikrobiološki neispravne hrane, što zahtijeva redovitu kontrolu uzoraka hrane.Microbiological safety of poultry feed is an essential prerequisite for poultry health and production. Presence of bacteria such as Salmonella, Clostridium, Staphylococcus and E. coli, as well as moulds in feed can indirectly become a problem in public health. This is due to ability of bacteria and moulds to survive in different environmental conditions using various possibilities of spread, their pathogeny and toxicity. In poultry production, microbiologically contaminated feed can in addition to its effects on animal health cause significant production losses. In our research, we microbiologically examined the samples of corn, feed, meat and bone meal. We detected 4,5% of samples microbiologically unsafe due to the presence of Salmonella and Clostridium species. The total bacteria counts exceeded the limits permitted by legislation in 2.5% of examined samples, while 5.5% of samples were unsafe due to the exceeded limit of yeasts and moulds (most frequently: Fusarium and Mucor species). In spite of a relatively small number of samples, our results indicated the incidence of microbiologically contaminated feed and the need for continuous control of feed samples

MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF POULTRY FEED

Mikrobiološka ispravnost hrane za perad temeljni je preduvjet zdravlja i proizvodnosti u peradarstvu. Prisutnost različitih bakterija kao što su primjerice bakterije iz rodova Salmonella, Clostridium, E. coli i Staphylococcus te plijesni u hrani indirektno mogu predstavljaju problem i u javnom zdravstvu. Razlog tome su patogenost, toksikogenost, sposobnost prilagođavanja bakterija i plijesni na različite uvjete okoliša te različite mogućnosti širenja patogenih mikroorganizama. U peradarstvu, mikrobiološki neispravna hrana, pored štetnog u_inka na zdravlje životinja, uzrokuje i ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji. U našem istraživanju ispitivali smo mikrobiološku ispravnost uzoraka kukuruza, gotovih smjesa i mesno koštanog brašna. Utvrđeno je 4,5% neispravnih uzoraka zbog prisutnosti bakterija iz rodova Salmonella i Clostridium. Ukupan broj bakterija koji je prelazio dozvoljeni maksimalni broj u hrani utvrđen je u 2,5% uzoraka. U 5,5% uzoraka utvrđen je ukupan broj kvasaca i plijesni koji je bio iznad dopuštene granice pri čemu su najčešće utvrđene plijesni pripadale rodovima Fusarium i Mucor. Usprkos pretraženom relativno malom broju uzoraka, utvrđeni rezultati ukazuju na pojavnost mikrobiološki neispravne hrane, što zahtijeva redovitu kontrolu uzoraka hrane.Microbiological safety of poultry feed is an essential prerequisite for poultry health and production. Presence of bacteria such as Salmonella, Clostridium, Staphylococcus and E. coli, as well as moulds in feed can indirectly become a problem in public health. This is due to ability of bacteria and moulds to survive in different environmental conditions using various possibilities of spread, their pathogeny and toxicity. In poultry production, microbiologically contaminated feed can in addition to its effects on animal health cause significant production losses. In our research, we microbiologically examined the samples of corn, feed, meat and bone meal. We detected 4,5% of samples microbiologically unsafe due to the presence of Salmonella and Clostridium species. The total bacteria counts exceeded the limits permitted by legislation in 2.5% of examined samples, while 5.5% of samples were unsafe due to the exceeded limit of yeasts and moulds (most frequently: Fusarium and Mucor species). In spite of a relatively small number of samples, our results indicated the incidence of microbiologically contaminated feed and the need for continuous control of feed samples

Raznolikost i prevalencija Salmonella spp. u galebovima ulovljenih na odlagalištu otpada, Zagreb, Hrvatska

Gulls are a group of seabirds distributed worldwide that are an important reservoir of Salmonella spp. Salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in humans, and understanding the role wild birds have in spreading Salmonella can help to improve the health of humans and domestic animals. The mobility and migration capacity of gulls makes them an interesting group for research given their potential role in spreading pathogens. This paper presents the diversity and prevalence of Salmonella spp. in different gull species caught at a landfill in Zagreb in the winter months over a nine-year period from 2014-2022. In total, 1083 cloacal swabs were sampled from six gull species: Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), Yellow-legged Gull (L. michahellis), Caspian Gull (L. cachinnans), Common Gull (L. canus), Lesser Black-back Gull (L. fuscus) and Herring Gull (L. argentatus). The prevalence of Salmonella was 5.82%, and 16 Salmonella serotypes were identified; S. Typhimurium had the highest prevalence (47.62%) followed by S. Enteritidis (12.69%) and S. Infantis (9.52%). To date, 82 Salmonella serotypes have been isolated in research on gulls in Europe, with S. Typhimurium as the most common, followed by S. Agona and S. Enteritidis. In this study, we found three serotypes not previously reported in gulls, S. Yalding, S. Reading and one with the antigenic formula O:17; H:z10; H:e,n,x,z15 (IIIb).Galebovi su skupina morskih ptica raširenih diljem svijeta koje su važan rezervoar Salmonella spp. Salmoneloza je druga najčešće prijavljena gastrointestinalna infekcija u ljudi i razumijevanje uloge koju divlje ptice imaju u širenju Salmonella spp. može pomoći u poboljšanju zdravlja ljudi i domaćih životinja. Mobilnost i migracijska sposobnost čini galebove vrlo zanimljivom skupinom za istraživanje zbog njihove potencijalne uloge u širenju patogena. Kroz ovaj rad prikazujemo raznolikost i prevalenciju Salmonella spp. kod nekoliko vrsta galebova ulovljenih na odlagalištu otpada tijekom zime u Zagrebu kroz devetogodišnje razdoblje, 2014.-2022. Ukupno je uzorkovano 1083 obrisaka kloake od šest vrsta galebova: riječni galeb (Larus ridibundus), galeb klaukavac (L. michahellis), pontski galeb (L. cachinnans), burni galeb (L. canus), tamnoleđi galeb (L. fuscus) i srebrnasti galeb (L. argentatus). Ukupna prevalencija Salmonella spp. je 5,82 % sa 16 identificiranih serotipova. S. Typhimurium ima najveću zastupljenost (47,62 %), zatim S. Enteritidis (12,69 %) i S. Infantis (9,52 %). Prema istraživanjima prisutnosti serotipova Salmonella spp. u galebova u Europi izolirana su njih 82, a najčešće dokazani je S. Typhimurium, zatim S. Agona i S. Enteritidis. Tijekom ovog istraživanja identificirana su tri serotipa koja ranije nisu izdvojena iz galebova S. Yalding i S. Reading te jedan iz podvrste S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (IIIb_O:17; H:z10; H:e,n,x,z15)

Pojavnost bakterije Listeria monocytogenes i drugih vrsta roda Listeria u galebova koji se hrane na zagrebačkom odlagalištu otpada, Hrvatska

Gulls, as migratory wild birds are known to spread different pathogens over long distances. The aim of this study was to access the prevalence of different Listeria species in a gull population feeding at a landfill in Zagreb. In total, 390 gulls of three species were sampled: Yellow-legged Gull, Larus michahellis; Black-headed Gull, L. ridibundus and Common Gull, L. canus. The most prevalent species was Listeria innocua (14.4%), while L. monocytogenes was found in 11.3% of tested samples. Other species were present in a smaller percentage; L. welshimeri (1.3%), L. ivanovii (0.5%) and L. seeligeri (0.3%). Serotyping of L. monocytogenes isolates was performed using molecular and conventional methods, and most isolates belonged to the 1/2a and 1/2b serotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in wild birds in Croatia.Za galebove je kao divlje ptice selice poznato da mogu na velike udaljenosti širiti različite patogene. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio odrediti prevalenciju različitih vrsta roda Listeria u populaciji galebova koji se hrane na Zagrebačkom odlagalištu otpada. Sveukupno je pretraženo 390 galebova triju vrsta: galeb klaukavac - Larus michahellis; riječni galeb - L. ridibundus i burni galeb - L. canus. Najzastupljenija vrsta bila je L. innocua (14,4 %), dok je L. monocytogenes dokazana u 11,3 % ispitanih uzoraka. Prisutnost ostalih vrsta zastupljena je u manjem postotku i to L. welshimeri (1,3 %), L. ivanovii (0,5 %) i L. seeligeri (0,3 %). Serotipizacija izolata L. monocytogenes provedena je molekularnim i konvencionalnim metodama, a većina izolata pripadala je serotipovima 1/2a i 1/2b. Prema našem saznanju, ova studija donosi prve rezultate istraživanja prisutnosti L. monocytogenes i drugih vrsta roda Listeria u divljih ptica u Hrvatskoj

Health status of wild and cultured sea bass in the northern Adriatic Sea

A complex survey has been conducted in the norhern Adriatic Sea over a period of one year that included comparative parasitological, bacteriological, virological, histological, and biochemical studies of the cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). The results showed that parasite infestations were due mainly to ectoparasitic monogenea Diplectanum sp. in both cultured and wild sea bass. Philometra sp. and Lerneae sp. were detected in wild sea bass while Triaenophorus sp. and Eimeria sp. were found in reared sea bass. Bacterial pathogens isolated from both reared and wild sea bass belong to Pseudomonadaceae (Pseudomonas sp., P. fluorescens) and unknown Gram-negative bacteria. Moraxellaceae (Acinetobacter sp.), Vibrionaceae (Chewanella putrefaciens) , Enterobacteriaceae (Pantoea agglomerans) and Flavobacterium sp. were isolated from reared fish only. Virological examinations were negative. Histological analysis revealed "fatty liver" (fatty infiltration and degeneration) in the cultured fish. Triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose levels were higher in cultured sea bass (2.55 +- 1.77 mmol/l, 3.68 +-1.43 mmol/l and 9.97 +- 3.33 mmol/l, respectively) than in wild fish (0.80 +- 0.57 mmol/l, 2.95 +- 0.77 mmol/l and 4.79 +- 3.29 mmol/l, respectively). The present paper contributes to establishing a relationship between disease and pathophysiological conditions in wild and cultured fish

Imunostimulacijski i antimikrobni učinci biljaka na kokoši nesilice

The aim of the study was to investigate the efficiency of feed supplementation with dried calendula (C. officinalis), dandelion (T. officinale) and marigold (T. erecta) flowers, as well as dried basil (O. basilicum ‘Genovese’) leaves on the kinetics of the total leukocytes, helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, as well as on intestinal excretion of Escherichia coli in laying hens. Laying hens of Tetra SL line, aged 25 weeks, were used in the study. The animals were divided into nine groups of 15 birds. The laying hens were fed common feed with the addition of 1% (10 g/kg) and 3% (30 g/kg) chopped flowers or leaves of the above mentioned herbs. The immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of medicinal herbs in laying hens were estimated by the above mentioned parameters determined at the beginning of the experiment and on day 14 and day 28 of the study, i.e. at the birds’ ages of 25, 27 and 29 weeks. The study results showed that the addition of chopped calendula and dandelion flowers to laying hen feed stimulated proliferation of total leukocytes as well as T and B lymphocytes, particularly in the groups receiving 3% chopped herbs (P<0.01). All study herbs were found to have antimicrobial activity. The results obtained definitely confirm the favorable impact of adding herbs to hen feed because of their antimicrobial and immunostimulatory effects. Phytogenic feed additives exert favourable effects, however, knowledge of their use in poultry feed is still inadequate, thus requiring additional research. It was concluded that phytobiotics might be combined with other feed additives such as probiotics or prebiotics, in order to attain better results in poultry production.Cilj istraživanja bila je učinkovitost osušenog cvijeta nevena (Calendula officinalis L.), maslačka (Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wigg.), kadifice (Tagetes erecta L.) i lišća bosiljka (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Genovese), dodanih u hranu za konzumne nesilice, na kinetiku ukupnih leukocita, pomoćničkih i citotoksičnih T-limfocita, kao i B-limfocita u perifernoj krvi, te utvrditi broj kolonija E. coli u fecesu. U istraživanju su korištene konzumne nesilice linije Tetra SL u dobi od 25 tjedana, koje su bile raspodijeljene u devet skupina po 15 ptica. Nesilice su hranjene uobičajenom smjesom za nesilice uz dodatak 1% (10 g/kg) i 3% (30 g/kg) nasjeckanih cvjetova i lišća navedenih biljaka. Imunostimulacijski i antimikrobni učinci ljekovitog bilja na konzumne nesilice praćeni su određivanjem prethodno navedenih pokazatelja na početku pokusa te 14. i 28. dana pokusa, odnosno u dobi konzumnih nesilica od 25, 27 i 29 tjedana. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da su dodaci nasjeckanih cvjetova nevena i maslačka u prehrani peradi, osobito u skupinama s 3% nasjeckane biljke, potaknuli najveću proliferaciju ukupnih leukocita, T-limfocita i B-limfocita (P<0,01). Antibakterijsko djelovanje najviše se očitovalo upotrebom 1% dodatka bosiljka, iako su sve biljke djelovale antibakterijski. Rezultati pokazuju da je nepobitno utvrđena opravdanost primjene biljaka u krmnim smjesama zbog njihova antimikrobnog, ali i imunostimulacijskog učinka. Fitogeni dodaci hrani imaju pozitivne učinke, ali spoznaja o njihovoj upotrebi u hranidbi peradi i dalje je nedovoljna i zahtijeva daljnja istraživanja te se može zaključiti da bi se fitobiotici, koji se nazivaju i fitogeni prirodni promotori rasta, mogli kombinirati s drugim dodacima u hrani, kao što su probiotici ili prebiotici, čime bi se postigli bolji proizvodni pokazatelji u peradarskoj proizvodnji

Utjecaj hrane obogaćene gljivom Agaricus bisporus na zdravlje i proizvodnost tovnih pilića.

Enteric infectious diseases are the most common cause of loss in intensive production of poultry. The possible risk to human health because of the use and/or misuse of antibiotics in food for farm animals has led to an intensive search for alternative strategies in the control and prevention of losses in poultry production. The aim of this study was to compare the bacterial validity of standard poultry feed with feed supplemented with mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Furthermore, we monitored the effect of Agaricus bisporus on the number of Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. in rectal swabs of broilers. The study was performed on ninety broilers, randomly divided into three groups: the control group fed with a standard broiler diet and two groups fed with the standard diet supplemented with Agaricus bisporus (10 g/kg or 20 g/kg). The results of this study showed the microbiological suitability of feed supplemented with mushrooms, together with its beneficial effect on production and the health of the animals. The differences in body mass gain were not significant between the three experimental groups, and higher average diarrhoea severity (ADS) was recorded in the control broilers (0.34), whereas the two treated groups had much lower ADS (0 or 0.08). Addition of Agaricus bisporus in a concentration of 20 g/kg lowered the total number of Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae in rectal swabs and significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus spp.Crijevne zarazne bolesti najčešći su uzrok gubitka u intenzivnoj proizvodnji peradi. Mogući rizik za ljudsko zdravlje zbog uporabe i/ili zlouporabe antibiotika u hrani za životinje namijenjenih prehrani ljudi, doveo je do intenzivnog traženja alternativnih strategija u kontroli i prevenciji gubitaka u peradarstvu. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti bakterijsku valjanost standardne hrane za perad s onima s dodatkom gljive Agaricus bisporus. Nadalje, promatrali smo učinak Agaricus bisporus na brojnost bakterija Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Enterobacteriaceae i Lactobacillus spp. iz rektalnih obrisaka tovnih pilića. Istraživanje je provedeno na devedeset tovnih pilića nasumično podijeljenih u tri skupine: kontrolnu skupinu hranjenu standardnom hranom za tovne piliće i dvije skupine hranjene standardnom hranom uz dodatak Agaricus bisporus (10 g/kg ili 20 g/kg). Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su mikrobiološku prikladnost hrane obogaćene gljivama koja ujedno ima blagotvorni učinak na proizvodnju i zdravlje životinja. Razlike u tjelesnoj masi tovnih pilića nisu bile statistički značajne između tri pokusne skupine i veći postotak životinja koje su imale proljev (ADS-average diarrhea severity) zabilježen je kod kontrolne skupine (0,34), dok su dvije tretirane skupine imale znatno niži ADS (0 ili 0,08). Dodatkom Agaricus bisporus u koncentraciji od 20 g/kg spušten je ukupan broj bakterija Escherichia coli i enterobakterija u rektalnim obriscima i znatno povećan broj Lactobacillus spp

Overview of Croatian poultry industry over the period 2003-2004

Peradarska je proizvodnja u Hrvatskoj tijekom 2003. i 2004. godine, unatoč gospodarskim poteškoćama, zadržala razinu iz prethodnih godina. Primje-ćuje se, međutim, restrukturiranje peradarskih proizvođača u smislu okrupnjavanja proizvodnje. Izgrađeno je i dosta novih nastambi za perad koje su opremljene najsuvremenijom opremom, a i dosta je starih nastambi adaptirano i opremljeno novim sustavima. Pojedini proizvođači kasne u primjeni novih tehnoloških rješenja i spoznaja, i to pretežito mali pro-izvođači koji će se vjerojatno izgubiti u tržišnoj utakmici. Analizirane smjese za hranidbu peradi u većini su slučajeva po kemijskom sastavu i higijenskim zahtjevima bile na zadovoljavajućoj razini. Dio smjesa za tov pilića ipak je sadržavao manju količinu proteina i metaboličke energije, pa se u takvim slučajevima ne iskorištavaju u potpunosti potencijali modernih hibrida tovnih pilića i tako gubi profit. Zdravlje se peradi u Hrvatskoj tijekom protekle dvije godine općenito može ocijeniti zadovoljavajućim. Zarazna bolest burze (gumborska bolest), koja je uzrokovala značajne gospodarske gubitke tijekom proteklih desetak godina, sada je u opadanju, no izrazito se povećala učestalost zarazne kržljavosti. S obzirom da se zarazna kržljavost sprečava ponajprije pridržavanjem temeljnih tehnoloških postulata peradarske proizvodnje, smatramo da ovoj bolesti ne bi smjelo biti mjesta u našoj intenzivnoj peradarskoj proizvodnji. Bakterije iz roda Salmonella su u 2004. izdvojene u daleko većem broju negoli u prethodne dvije godine, međutim najveći broj izolata odnosi se na salmonele iz skupine «C1». S. Enteritidis, koji je bio najčešći serovar tijekom proteklih desetak godina, zapravo je u laganom opadanju, dok je serovar S. Typhimurium nešto češće izdvajan. Učestalo izdvajanje salmonela iz skupine «C1» upućuje na njihovu nazočnost u smjesama za hranidbu peradi, čemu treba posvetiti posebnu pozornost.Poultry production in Croatia during 2003 and 2004 remained at the same level as in previous years despite the economical difficulties. However, restructuring of the industry to larger poultry producing companies was noted. Many new poultry farms with modern equipment have been built, and many old farms have been renewed and equipped with new systems. Some of the poultry producers are not up to date with management and husbandry, and these are primarily small producers who will probably disappear due to market competition. Analysed feed for poultry are generally at a satisfactory level regarding chemical composition and hygienic standards. Some broiler feed samples had a lower quantity of protein and energy, therefore genetic potential of the modern broiler hybrids is not fully exploited and profit is lost. Poultry health during the last two years can be generally estimated as satisfactory. Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease), which caused significant economic losses in the recent years, has decreased, but incidence of infectious stunting syndrome significantly increases. Infectious stunting syndrome is controlled primarily by basic management principles, so we assume that this disease should not be a problem in our poultry industry. Bacteria from Salmonella genus were isolated in 2004 in a greater number compared to two previous years, but most of the isolates belonged to “C1” group. S. Enteritidis, which was the predominant serovar during the last decade, slightly decreased, whereas S. Typhimurium serovar is increasing. Frequent isolation of “C1” group salmonellas implicates their presence in feed, and particular attention should be paid to this problem