EVALUATION OF PUBLIC GOODS- CONCESSIONS TO ‘CULTURAL GOODS’ AS ‘GOODS OF INTEREST TO THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA’ WITH EMPHASIS ON THE PARTICULARITIES OF THESE CONCESSIONS

Za razliku od hrvatskog prava koje koncesiju povezuje, prije svega, s gospodarskim korištenjem javnih dobara od strane pojedinaca ili pravnih osoba, francusko pravo i praksa koncesiju povezuju s povjeravanjem obavljanja javnih radova ili s povjeravanjem kakve javne službe privatnom poduzetniku, koncesionaru. Francuski pisci govore i o koncesioniranju javne službe – to je postupanje kojim izvjesna javna vlast povjerava koncesionaru upravljanje i gospodarenje određenom javnom službom, pod kontrolom javne vlasti, uz nagradu koja se, u pravilu, sastoji u davanjima korisnika službe. Prema hrvatskom pravu, kulturna dobra su od interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku i uživaju njezinu posebnu zaštitu. Svojstvo kulturnog dobra, na temelju stručnog vrednovanja, utvrđuje Ministarstvo kulture. Vlasništvo nad kulturnim dobrom može se suglasno zakonu ograničiti, i to u pogledu posjeda, uporabe i prometa kulturnim dobrom. Hrvatsko pravo posebno normira koncesije na kulturnim dobrima. U usporedbi s koncesijom na nekim drugim «dobrima od interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku», koncesije na kulturnim dobrima imaju niz posebnosti.In contrast to Croatian law which links concession, above all else to the economic use of public goods on the part of the individual or corporations, the French law and practice link concession to the entrustment of performing public works or to the entrustment of some kind of public service to a private contractor or concessionary. French writers also mention concessionship of the public service. This is behaviour by which the particular public power entrusts a concessionary with administering and managing a certain public service under public control with a reward which in principle is contained within the funds of the users of that service. According to Croatian law, cultural goods which are of interest to the Republic of Croatia also enjoy the state’s special protection. The characteristics of cultural goods, on the basis of expert evaluation, are established by the Ministry for Culture. The ownership of cultural goods can be limited accordingly by law. This can be done in the areas of possession, use and operation of cultural good. In comparison to some other ‘goods of interest to the Republic of Croatia’ concessions to cultural goods have a variety of particularities

THE RIGHT TO DAMAGES FOR UNJUSTIFIED CONVICTION OR UNFOUNDED ARREST OR DETENTION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT

Nakon konstatacije, u uvodu, da je pravo na naknadu štete zbog neopravdane osude ili neutemeljenog uhićenja kao ljudsko pravo zajamčeno međunarodnim dokumentima i Ustavom Republike Hrvatske, a ostvarivanje toga prava uređeno posebnim zakonskim propisima, u radu se razmatra prije sudbene obvezna upravna faza postupka za naknadu štete u kontekstu konvencijskog prava. Analiziraju se odluke Europskog suda za ljudska prava kako bi se dobio odgovor na pitanje krši li hrvatsko pravo na taj način “pravo na pristup sudu” zajamčeno člankom 6. stavkom 1. Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda. Nastavlja se izlaganjem o pravnoj osnovi odgovornosti za štetu zbog neopravdane osude ili neutemeljenog uhićenja, a zatim obradom prava na naknadu štete u međunarodnim dokumentima i praksi Europskog suda za ljudska prava te u domaćem pravu. Slijede podaci iz hrvatske prakse upravnog stadija ostvarivanja prava na naknadu štete te na kraju zaključci u kojima se iznose ključni rezultati rada.According to Croatian law, the procedure for compensation for damage due to unjustified con- viction or unfounded arrest or detention is administrative-judicial. The injured party is obli- ged to refer to the Ministry of Justice before filing a lawsuit against the Republic of Croatia in order to achieve a settlement of damages and compensation. In accordance with the views of the European Court of Human Rights, there are admissible restrictions on the “right of access to a court” guaranteed by Article 6 § 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The legal basis of compensation for damage are the rules of international and constitutional law according to which the compensation for damage is subject to public law of an unjustifia- bly convicted or unfounded arrested or detained person, corresponding to the duty of the sta- te to award compensation. Compensation is a subjective right as it concerns private interests of the injured party but also a public right because it is in the public interest that the innocent citizen is not unjustly convicted or unfounded arrested or detained. Unlike the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, which in Article 25 § 4 stipulates the right to compensation for damage to a person who was “illegally” deprived of liberty or sentenced, Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 to the 1984 European Convention on Human Rights provides for the right to compensation for wrongful conviction, which is perceived as “unjustified convi- ction”. In its practice, by referring to the concept of “lawfulness” of the deprivation of liberty under Article 5 § 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Court of Hu- man Rights has in fact, in its practice, reimbursed the unjustified arrest and detention (in the sense of the European Convention on Human Rights) of unwarranted arrest and detention. “Inadmissible” arrest or detention is, in accordance with the provisions of Article 480, a wider term that includes “unjustified” (misdirected under Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights) and “unlawful” arrest or detention. The number of injured party claims for damages to the Croatian administrative body (Mi- nistry of Justice) is significant, and the number of solved applications is considerably smaller. Compensation based on settlement is solely monetary and only because of unjustified arrest or detention. The fees, as a result of the unacceptably large number of unfounded arrests or detentions, are large. The tendency of increase in the number of applications received and paid amounts was curbed in the period from 2013 to 2016, slightly less than the number of claims received and significantly in relation to the amount of money disbursed on the merits

The Principle of Material Truth and Administrative Procedure

Nakon konstatacije da su procesna načela kao opća pravna pravila činitelj jedinstva općih i posebnih upravnoprocesnih propisa te djelomičnog jedinstva sudskih i upravnog postupka, autor u radu zastupa stajalište da je načelo traženja materijalne istine znanstveno opravdano i prihvatljivo, ali ne u smislu klasične filozofske teorije istine, tzv. teorije korespondencije kao „potpune suglasnosti subjektivne spoznaje s objektivnom stvarnošću“, nego kao konstrukcija pravne teorije u značenju metode ili načina prikupljanja procesne građe i utvrđivanja činjeničnog stanja koje se shvaća kao činjenično stanje na kojem je legitimno utemeljiti odluku procesnog tijela. Rad sadržava definiciju načela traženja materijalne istine, obradu najvažnijih pravila našega upravnoga procesnog prava kojima je to načelo utemeljeno te pravila kojima je ono ograničeno. Slijedi razmatranje načela traženja materijalne istine u parničnom postupku te usporedba toga koliko to načelo vrijedi u upravnom postupku i parničnom postupku.The principle of searching for material truth, as a product of legal theory, is scientifically justified and acceptable as a method and form (rule) of action to enable true (correct) fact finding; which is the ground upon which the authority legitimately bases its decision. The term truth-seeking emphasizes the methodology or way of establishing a factual situation; i.e., an activity in search of truth. In accordance with the investigative and official principles of the Croatian legal system, an official person deciding in a single case has strong investigative powers and the authority to initiate and decide in single administrative proceedings ex officio; making the principle of searching for material truth an important one. Although the legal system adopts rules and procedures to enable truth seeking, other procedural rules restrict the pursuit of truth, confining the principle of searching for material truth within the limits set by the law. For example, the civil process is dominated by the principle of debate and the disposition of the parties. In accordance with these principles, the court is bound by the will of the parties, both as to the established facts and adduced evidence, as well as with regard to the initiation and maintenance of the litigation. Other procedural rules that threaten the knowledge of truth are also accepted. Taking into consideration the numerous rules of civil procedure law that impede real truth seeking and those less numerous allowing for a true (correct) determination of the facts, it may be concluded that unlike administrative proceedings, the principle of seeking material truth in civil proceedings is substantially restricted

Fair Trial as the Foundation for Court Ethics

Nakon uvodnih napomena, u kojima uz ostalo iznosi da se konvencijsko pravo na pošteno suđenje odnosi i na upravne sudove koji su u RH sastavni dio sudbene vlasti, autor izlaže o najvažnijim aspektima prava na pošteno suđenje, tj. o pravu na neovisni i nepristrani sud, pravu na pravično suđenje, te pravu na suđenje u razumnom roku. Pritom razmatra mjerodavnu praksu Europskog suda za ljudska prava, kao i praksu Ustavnog suda RH koji uvažavajući međunarodne obveze RH nastoji slijediti i primjenjivati praksu Europskog suda. Autor raspravlja o uvjetima potrebnim za ostvarivanje poštenog suđenja. Predlaže stanovite dopune domaćeg Kodeksa sudačke etike kako bi on sadržavao, kao etička načela, sve spomenute aspekte prava na pošteno suđenje.(\u27After introductory commentary wherein, among other things, it is stated that the conventional\u27, \u27right to fair trial is also applicable to administrative courts which in the Republic of Croatia are a\u27, \u27constituent part of judicial power, the author discusses the most important aspects of the right to fair\u27, \u27trial, that is, the right to independent and impartial trial, right to just legal proceedings and the right\u27, \u27to trial within a reasonable time frame. Also analysed is the competent practice of the European\u27, \u27Court for Human Rights and the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia.\u27, \u27Further discussed are the conditions necessary for achieving fair trial. Certain amendments to the\u27, \u27national Code of Judicial Ethics are proposed in order for it to consist of, like ethical principles, all\u27, \u27the above mentioned aspects of the right to fair trial.\u27

THE new law on general administrative procedure and special administrative procedures

Nakon prvog izvješća o stanju posebnih upravnih postupaka iz 2006. donesen je ili izmijenjen niz zakona te se broj takvih postupaka povećao sa 65 na preko 100. U međuvremenu je donesen novi Zakon o općem upravnom postupku, koji nažalost nije usvojio neka od predloženih rješenja za redukciju specijalnih upravnih procedura. Zato ne preostaje drugo nego da se formira stručna radna skupina koja bi sustavno pratila stvaranje novih propisa i predlagala redukciju posebnih postupaka na prihvatljivu razinu.After the first Report on the situation with special administrative procedures of 2006, numerous laws were adopted or amended, thus increasing the number of such procedures from sixty-five to more than a hundred. These changes were followed by passing a new Law on General Administrative Procedure in 2009. Unfortunately, the new Law has not adopted some of the suggested solutions for reducing the number of special administrative procedures. Therefore, the only viable solution at the moment is to set up an expert work group that would continuously monitor the creation of new regulations and suggest the reduction of special administrative procedures to an acceptable level

Sklapanje ugovora

Raspravljanje teme o sklapanju ugovora počet će izlaganjem o sklapanju ugovora općenito, a zatim o pregovorima kao o fazi koja prethodi sklapanju ugovora. Slijedi razmatranje o ponudi, prihvaćanju ponude, kada je ugovor sklopljen, te o vremenu i mjestu sklapanja ugovora. Na kraju, na temelju svega što je izloženo, daju se odgovarajući zaključci