Epidemiologija, imunost, dijagnostika i mjere kontrole kod zaraznog ektima ovaca i koza - pregledni rad

Orf or contagious ecthyma is one of the contagious viral diseases responsible for economic losses to the countries rearing sheep and goats. This disease is characterized by its peculiar cutaneous lesions present mainly in the mouth region and less commonly on other sites, such as the abdomen and inguinal region. The unique immune-evasion properties of the orf virus results into short-term immunity both in natural infection as well as post-vaccination, as compared to other poxviruses associated with the presence of virulence genes namely VEGF, GIF (GM-CSF/IL2 inhibition factor), vIL10, VIR and apoptosis inhibitor etc. The disease mostly occurs in a mild form. However, the ability of the virus to cause repeated infection in the same animal, high morbidity in adults, mortality in young lambs and kids, its zoonotic nature, and its ability to cross-infect other species besides sheep and goats, make it an important disease globally. The disease is endemic to all the parts of India and causes marked economic losses. Diagnosis of orf mostly relies on conventional laboratory methods and few newer techniques are in use at present. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective vaccines and update the diagnostic methods used for orf, to specifically identify the pathogen and subsequently design the control strategy. In this review, we focused on the current status of orf, its geographical distribution, economic impact, virulence genes associated with the virus, molecular epidemiology and related approaches for diagnostics, immuno-prophylactics, anti-viral therapeutics that have been developed, and future perspectives for the control of this contagious disease.Zarazni ektim ovaca i koza jest virusna zarazna bolest koja uzrokuje gospodarske gubitke u zemljama koje se bave uzgojem ovaca i koza. Bolest je obilježena specifičnim kožnim lezijama, najčešće u području usta te, rjeđe, na drugim dijelovima tijela poput trbuha ili preponskog područja. Jedinstvena sposobnost orfvirusa za izbjegavanje imunosnog odgovora rezultira kratkotrajnom imunošću i u prirodnim infekcijama i poslije vakcinacije, a u usporedbi s drugim poksvirusima taj odgovor povezan je s prisutnošću gena virulencije VEGF, GIF (GM-CSF/IL2 faktor inhibicije), vIL10, VIR i inhibitorom apoptoze. Bolest se većinom pojavljuje u blagom obliku. Bez obzira na to, sposobnost virusa da uzrokuje ponovljene infekcije u iste životinje, visok pobol u odraslih jedinki, smrtnost u mlade janjadi i jaradi, zoonotska narav bolesti te sposobnost da uzrokuje križne infekcije u drugih vrsta osim ovaca i koza, čini ovu bolest važnom na globalnoj razini. Bolest je endemijska u svim dijelovima Indije i uzrokuje znatne gospodarske gubitke. Uglavnom se dijagnosticira konvencionalnim laboratorijskim metodama, a trenutačno se primjenjuje i nekoliko novih metoda. Potrebno je stoga razviti učinkovita cjepiva te poboljšati dijagnostičke metode koje će biti specifične za dokaz patogena i na kojima će se temeljiti mjere kontrole. U ovom radu pozornost je usredotočena na aktualno stanje u pogledu orfvirusa, njegovu zemljopisnu raširenost, gospodarski utjecaj, gene virulencije povezane s virusom, molekularnu epidemiologiju i pristupe u dijagnostici, imunoprofilaksu, dosad razvijene antivirusne lijekove te buduće perpsektive u kontroli ove zarazne bolesti

Sero-prevalence of West Nile virus in urban and peri-urban poultry farms of Guwahati, India

West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic, emerging mosquito-borne virus which can cause severe disease in the form of encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis in humans. In Assam, northeast India, arboviruses seem to be re-emerging, however, WNV has been little studied. The present investigation was carried out from April, 2018 to March, 2019 to study sero-positivity of WNV in chicken in urban and peri-urban areas of Guwahati, the capital city of Assam. Four urban and four peri-urban areas of Guwahati were selected. A total of 864 chicken serum samples (72 samples per month) were screened by ELISA and further confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI), which revealed that 3.13% of the chickens had been exposed to WNV, with 0.69% sero-positivity in urban areas compared to 5.56% in peri-urban. Peak sero-prevalence of WNV were reported during the month of July and August with 8.33% each with lowest sero-prevalence being recorded in November (1.39%) and no sero-positive birds from December to April. These results indicate that WNV is one of the actively circulating flaviviruses in Assam, and human febrile and encephalitic cases should be screened for the disease

Experimental infection of pigs with group A rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in India: gross, histopathological and immunopathological study

The authors describe a detailed study conducted in Assam, India, of gross, histopathological and immunopathological alterations in pigs experimentally infected with rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing K88 pili. A total of 30 Caesarean derived piglets were infected experimentally with rotavirus alone or in combination with ETEC to study the gross and histopathological alterations and the distribution pattern of different B- and T‑cell subsets in the gut. Villus atrophy, especially in the jejunum and ileum, was the consistent lesion in piglets infected with rotavirus, while in piglets simultaneously infected with rotavirus and ETEC, severe necrosis of the intestinal villi was observed. Ultrastructural studies revealed similar pathological alterations in the ileum of the infected piglets. A morphometric study of the intestinal villi and crypts showed a reduction in the ratio between the average villus height and crypt depth (VH:CD ratio) in the group infected with rotavirus (5.95 ± 0.33) and those infected with rotavirus and ETEC (7.90 ± 0.16). A higher (p<0.01) reduction in the VH:CD ratio was observed in the jejunum (8.83 ± 0.79) and ileum (8.46 ± 0.78) compared that in the duodenum (10.03 ± 0.50) of the infected pigs. Piglets infected with rotavirus and sacrificed on day 6 post infection revealed the presence of lymphocytes containing cytoplasmic IgA+ (cIgA+) cells in the villus lamina propria and intra-epithelial CD8+ T‑cells in the villus epithelia. Rotavirus infection of young piglets in association with ETEC was more severe than rotavirus infection alone. Such infection resulted in marked clinico-pathological and immunological alterations in the infected piglets

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of livestock diseases in North Eastern Region of India

Aim: The study aimed to determine the overall prevalence of livestock diseases in North Eastern Region (NER) of India, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data. Materials and Methods: The articles used for the study were retrieved from PubMed, J-Gate Plus, Indian Journals, and Google scholar, R open-source scripting software 3.4.3. Metafor, Meta. The Chi-square test was conducted to assess for the heterogeneity, forest plot (confidence interval [CI] plot) is a method utilized to present the results of meta-analysis, displaying effect estimate and their CIs for each study were used for searching and retrieval of livestock diseases prevalence data in India using a search strategy combining keywords and related database-specific subject terms from 2008 to 2017 in English only. Results: The prevalence of various livestock diseases are foot-and-mouth disease (21%), bluetongue (28%), brucellosis in bovine (17%), brucellosis in caprine (2%), brucellosis in porcine (18%), brucellosis in sheep and goat (3%), babesiosis (6%), theileriosis (26%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (1%), porcine cysticercosis (6%), classical swine fever (31%), Porcine circovirus (43%), and Peste des petits ruminants (15%). This information helps policymakers to take appropriate measures to reduce the disease burden. Conclusion: This study indicates that the overall prevalence of various livestock diseases in NER of India

Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic buffalopox infection: a severe outbreak in Kolhapur (Maharashtra), India

Buffalopox is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral infection. The authors investigated an extensive zoonotic outbreak of buffalopox involving many human cases. High morbidity and significant productivity losses were recorded among domestic buffalo in Kolhapur (Maharashtra), India, between February and March 2009. The outbreak involved a total of 4 000 buffalo from 21 villages in which over 10 000 buffalo were herded. The outbreak also involved 125 humans who were mostly animal handlers and milkers of all age groups. The disease inflicted a loss of approximately 40% in terms of reduced milk production and a decline in animal trade. Although pox lesions were observed on all parts of the body, the most severe were found on the inner ear. This led to otitis and pyrexia in most of the affected animals. Milkers developed pox-like lesions on the skin of their fingers, hands, forearms, forehead, ears and face, along with pyrexia, malaise and axillary lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy. The causal agent, buffalopox virus, was confirmed using counter-immuno-electrophoresis, the serum neutralisation test, virus isolation and buffalopox virus-specific ankyrin repeat protein (C18L) gene-based polymerase chain reaction. Considering the emergence and re-emergence of buffalopox virus in buffalo, cows and humans, not only in India but also in other buffalo rearing countries, regular monitoring of outbreaks and control measures are necessary to curb economic losses and also to reduce the public health impact of the disease

A new blocking ELISA for detection of foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies in a broad host range

Large-scale monitoring of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in livestock is imperative in an FMD control program. Detection of antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMD virus (FMDV) is one of the best tools to estimate the prevalence of past infection; availability of such a well-validated test is therefore essential. Using a FMDV 3B protein-specific monoclonal antibody, we have developed a new NSP antibody blocking ELISA (10H9 bELISA) and validated it on large panels of sera from different susceptible species. The diagnostic sensitivity of the ELISA was 95% with a specificity of 98%, similar to the values found using a commercial kit (PrioCHECK FMD NS test). The 10H9 bELISA can be used in a broad range of FMD susceptible species making it a very useful tool in monitoring the foot-and-mouth disease control programs by detection of virus circulation in the vaccinated populations. Key points: • A new ELISA for detection of foot and mouth disease (FMD) antibodies. • Diagnostic sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 98%. • Tested with panels of validated sera from broad host range