Effect of extraction conditions on antioxidant activities of Xanthium strumarium L. sprouts extracts

This research aims to obtain the Xanthium strumarium sprouts extract with the most potent antioxidant activities. The single-factor experiments were used to extract. Factors of extraction, including temperatures (40, 50, 60, and 70°C), time (6, 8, 10, 20, and 30 minutes), and % ethanol in solvent (40, 50, 60, and 70 % EtOH), were applied in the ultrasonic assist extraction of 40°C oven-dried Xanthium strumarium sprouts 1 gram in 25 mL of solvent. Extraction yield (% yield) and % inhibition of active radical DPPH and ABTS were determined, and the correlation to varied factors was analyzed using a statistical program (SPSS). The results showed that, at low temperatures, it would give a low % yield but not affect antioxidant activities. The longer extraction time did not provide a different % yield than the shorter one. The extraction yield is a little better when 50% ethanol is used in water as a solvent and does not affect antioxidant activities. As they observe, we can conclude that the antioxidant activities of extracts do not depend on temperature, time, or % EtOH in solvents. The % inhibition of ABTS radicals is higher than that of DPPH radicals in all experiments, and it can be relied on that the active components in this extract are more polar and favorable to solute in water than EtOH

Effect of extraction conditions on antioxidant activities of

This research aims to obtain the Xanthium strumarium sprouts extract with the most potent antioxidant activities. The single-factor experiments were used to extract. Factors of extraction, including temperatures (40, 50, 60, and 70°C), time (6, 8, 10, 20, and 30 minutes), and % ethanol in solvent (40, 50, 60, and 70 % EtOH), were applied in the ultrasonic assist extraction of 40°C oven-dried Xanthium strumarium sprouts 1 gram in 25 mL of solvent. Extraction yield (% yield) and % inhibition of active radical DPPH and ABTS were determined, and the correlation to varied factors was analyzed using a statistical program (SPSS). The results showed that, at low temperatures, it would give a low % yield but not affect antioxidant activities. The longer extraction time did not provide a different % yield than the shorter one. The extraction yield is a little better when 50% ethanol is used in water as a solvent and does not affect antioxidant activities. As they observe, we can conclude that the antioxidant activities of extracts do not depend on temperature, time, or % EtOH in solvents. The % inhibition of ABTS radicals is higher than that of DPPH radicals in all experiments, and it can be relied on that the active components in this extract are more polar and favorable to solute in water than EtOH

Health Risk Assessment of Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide Concentrations in Urban and Industrial Area in Rayong Province, Thailand

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a hazardous gas and an air pollutant that is released from a variety of sources, including fossil fuel mining and burning, automobile emissions and other sources. The inhalation of NO2 has been linked to the exact causes of a variety of health issues, including respiratory disorders and a variety of other maladies. The largest source of NO2 exposure is through traffic density emissions. The concentrations of ambient NO2 in Rayong province’s urban, industrial and background areas were measured during rainy, winter and summer seasons. Samples of NO2 were collected with the use of passive samplers during September 2017 to April 2018. The result of the analysis revealed that NO2 concentration of urban area, industrial area and background area were 13.9 - 43.0, 10.4 - 34.0 and 5.8 - 35.2 µg/m3, respectively. It is to be noted that NO2 concentrations in urban and industrial areas were significantly higher than those in background areas (p &lt; 0.05). The dominant source is located nearby high traffic density and industrial establishments. However, the NO2 values obtained from seasonal variations were not significantly different (p &gt; 0.05). A weak correlation was observed between NO2 concentrations and total precipitation (r = −0.237). The low wind speed has no effect on NO2 dispersion. As a result of the geographical and seasonal variation of NO2 concentrations, it was determined that local activities such as traffic density had a much greater impact on NO2 levels than meteorological factors. The hazard quotient (HQ) values from NO2 exposure in Rayong province were less than 1, indicating that the risk was negligible. The inhalation of NO2 by residents who live near the roadside and highway, on the other hand, may endanger their health.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; NO2 concentrations in Rayong province related to traffic density and industrial establishments&#x0D; The ambient NO2 levels in urban and industrial areas were approximately 1.4 times higher than those in background areas (p &lt; 0.05)&#x0D; Residents of Rayong province who live near the roadside and highway road may put their health at risk due to NO2 inhalation&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT</jats:p

Trace Elements in Indoor Dust Exposure from Child Development Centers and Health Risk Assessment in Haze and Industrial Areas, Thailand

This study aimed to examine trace element concentrations in indoor dust and evaluate health risks in child development centers in haze and industrial areas of Thailand from November 2023 to April 2024. The samples were extracted using a microwave oven and analyzed via ICP-OES. The finding indicated that the levels of As, Cr, Pb, V, Fe, Mn, and Zn in the dust from child development centers in the industrial area were significantly higher than those in the haze area (p &lt; 0.05). The presence of trace element contaminants in indoor dust is indicative of anthropogenic sources. Cd and Zn in both areas have shown significantly elevated risks, according to the probable ecological risk factor. Source apportionment identified traffic, road dust, and biomass combustion as the principal sources of pollution in the haze area, while traffic and combustion activities were significant in the industrial area. Non-carcinogenic risk assessments for children exposed to As, Pb, Cu, and Cr revealed potential health risks (HI &gt; 1). Furthermore, the total cancer risk (TCR) linked to As, Cr, and Ni is considered acceptable within the criteria of 10&minus;6 to 10&minus;4. However, long-term exposure may increase the risk of cancer in children

การประเมินคุณภาพน้ำของแม่น้ำคลองใหญ่ จังหวัดระยอง โดยใช้ดัชนีชี้วัดทางเคมีAssessment of Water Quality in Khlong Yai River in Rayong province by Chemical Index (CI)

แม่น้ำคลองใหญ่เป็นแหล่งน้ำที่มีความสำคัญต่อประชาชนจังหวัดระยองทั้งในด้านการอุปโภคบริโภคและเกษตรกรรมปัจจุบันจังหวัดระยองมีการขยายตัวทางด้านอุตสาหกรรมและมีประชากรเพิ่มมากขึ้น ส่งผลให้มีความต้องการใช้ทรัพยากรน้ำและมีน้ำทิ้งจากกิจกรรมต่าง ๆ เพิ่มมากขึ้นไปด้วย ดังนั้นการคำนึงถึงคุณภาพและความสะอาดของน้ำถือเป็นสิ่งจำเป็น การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ เพื่อศึกษาการประเมินคุณภาพน้ำของแม่น้ำคลองใหญ่ จังหวัดระยอง โดยใช้ดัชนีชี้วัดทางเคมี (Chemical Index; CI) พารามิเตอร์ที่ใช้ในการคำนวณ คือ อุณหภูมิน้ำ การนำไฟฟ้า ความเป็นกรดด่าง ค่าดีโอ ค่าบีโอดี ไนเตรท-ไนโตรเจน แอมโมเนียม-ไนโตรเจน และออร์โธฟอสเฟต ทำการเก็บน้ำตัวอย่างจำนวน 6 จุด ในช่วงฤดูฝน ฤดูหนาว และฤดูร้อน ผลการวิจัยพบว่า คุณภาพน้ำของแม่น้ำคลองใหญ่ในฤดูฝนอยู่ในเกณฑ์ระดับคุณภาพน้ำ “ปานกลาง” ถึง “สะอาด” ขณะที่ช่วงฤดูหนาวพบว่าอยู่ในเกณฑ์ระดับ “มลพิษ” ถึง “สะอาด” และช่วงฤดูร้อนอยู่ในเกณฑ์ระดับ “ปานกลาง” ถึง “ค่อนข้างสะอาด” อย่างไรก็ตาม พบว่าค่าคุณภาพน้ำของแม่น้ำคลองใหญ่ในแต่ละฤดูกาลไม่มีความแตกต่างกัน (p&gt;0.05) จากข้อมูลคุณภาพน้ำสามารถสรุปได้ว่าคุณภาพน้ำของแม่น้ำคลองใหญ่อยู่ในเกณฑ์มาตรฐานคุณภาพน้ำผิวดินประเภทที่ 2 ซึ่งข้อมูลคุณภาพน้ำที่ได้จากการวิจัยนี้มีประโยชน์สำหรับการจัดการทรัพยากรน้ำในจังหวัดระยอง เพื่อรองรับแผนพัฒนาเขตเศรษฐกิจพิเศษภาคตะวันออก (EEC)Khlong Yai River is important to the people of Rayong Province for both consumption and agricultural proposes. Presently the city has a dramatic industrial expansion and its population is increasing, the result of which is an increase in water demand and discharge. Thus, it is necessary to consider the quality and cleanliness of the water before using. This research aims to study the assessment of water quality in Khlong Yai River at Rayong province by using the chemical index (CI). The chemical index (CI) was calculated from 8 parameters including water temperature (WT), electric conductivity (EC), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Nitrate-N (NO3- -N), Ammonium-N (NH4+-N) and Orthro-phosphate (O-PO43-). The water samples were collected from 6 sites of river in rainy, winter, and summer seasons. The result found that the water quality of Khlong Yai River in rainy season was “moderate” to “clean” in accordance with the CI, while that of winter season was “pollution” to “clean” and summer season was rated as “moderate” to “fairly clean”. However, the water quality of Khlong Yai River in all seasons were not significant difference (p&gt;0.05). Based on the observed data, it is concluded that Khlong Yai River could be classified as in class 2 of the surface water quality standard.This study suggested that the water quality information can be used for water resources management in Rayong province to accommodate to plan of Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC)

Nitrogen dioxide exposure and health risk assessments of students in elementary schools in the vicinities of an industrial estate, located in Rayong Province, Thailand

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) poses a danger to the health of many children all over the world especially children that attend schools in the vicinities of traffic roads and industries. This research study aims to assess the impacts of NO2 exposure on the health of the students. NO2 samples were collected by tube-type passive samplers. Moreover, the investigation of indoor NO2 exposure of students was associated with physical human health by using multiple logistic regressions. The results revealed that the indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations in elementary schools were 9.0 ± 4.4 to 16.7 ± 2.7 μg/m3 and 8.2 ± 2.1 to 17.7 ± 6.7 μg/m3, respectively. However, indoor and outdoor values of NO2 were lower than the WHO standard of 40 μg/m3. Non-carcinogenic risk assessments of NO2 were carried out to help assess the health risks of students. It was found that the HQ of all those who studied in schools was less than 1, indicating no health risks. However, NO2 in classrooms can cause eye irritation (p-value = 0.007), pink eye/ allergic conjunctivitis (p-value = 0.012), runny nose (p-value = 0.020), sore throat (p-value = 0.038), wheeze (p-value = 0.022) and cough (p-value = 0.035). Therefore, children who spend time in classrooms close to heavy traffic and petrochemical plants might find themselves exposed to increased health risks.</jats:p