Should primary school children be ‘calculator aware’ or ‘calculator beware’?

This literature review examines calculators in the primary school classroom in light of their recent prohibition for younger children in England.1 Contrary to political fears about calculators being harmful, the existing literature indicates that calculators have many benefits: they can develop conceptual understanding, support and improve mental and written methods, be a stimulus for dialogic talk, provide instant feedback and help to develop key mathematical ideas such as ‘number sense’. The ingrained nature of teacher attitudes, in particular relation to what skills they believe an effective mathematician requires, is explored and a link made between such attitudes and the potential use of calculators. Greater clarity is needed regarding what fundamental mathematical understanding actually entails and a long-term strategy needs to be in place in order for pre-service teachers’ underlying beliefs to change

COSMOS-UK. Soil moisture: December 2019

The COSMOS-UK soil moisture status report provides an insight into the current soil moisture conditions across the UK as monitored by the COSMOS-UK network. The network comprises approximately 50 sites at which a cosmic ray neutron sensor is deployed to monitor soil moisture within a footprint of about 12 hectares. The report is comprised of: maps of end of month soil moisture both as volumetric water content and as a soil moisture index; a short description of current status; and selected time series graphs showing data from the last three years

COSMOS-UK. Soil moisture: January 2020

The COSMOS-UK soil moisture status report provides an insight into the current soil moisture conditions across the UK as monitored by the COSMOS-UK network. The network comprises approximately 50 sites at which a cosmic ray neutron sensor is deployed to monitor soil moisture within a footprint of about 12 hectares. The report is comprised of: maps of end of month soil moisture both as volumetric water content and as a soil moisture index; a short description of current status; and selected time series graphs showing data from the last three years

Hydrological outlook UK - February 2020

The Hydrological Outlook provides an insight into future hydrological conditions across the UK. Specifically, it describes likely trajectories for river flows and groundwater levels on a monthly basis, with a particular focus on the next three months. Well established monitoring programmes provide the current status of both river flows and groundwater levels at many sites across the UK, and data from these programmes provide the starting point for the Outlook. A number of techniques are used to project forwards from the current state and results from these are used to produce a summary that includes a highlights map

Hydrological outlook UK - June 2020

The Hydrological Outlook provides an insight into future hydrological conditions across the UK. Specifically, it describes likely trajectories for river flows and groundwater levels on a monthly basis, with a particular focus on the next three months. Well established monitoring programmes provide the current status of both river flows and groundwater levels at many sites across the UK, and data from these programmes provide the starting point for the Outlook. A number of techniques are used to project forwards from the current state and results from these are used to produce a summary that includes a highlights map

Hydrological outlook UK - July 2020

The Hydrological Outlook provides an insight into future hydrological conditions across the UK. Specifically, it describes likely trajectories for river flows and groundwater levels on a monthly basis, with a particular focus on the next three months. Well established monitoring programmes provide the current status of both river flows and groundwater levels at many sites across the UK, and data from these programmes provide the starting point for the Outlook. A number of techniques are used to project forwards from the current state and results from these are used to produce a summary that includes a highlights map

RRS Discovery Cruise 243, 11th October to 22nd November 1999. Sensory Biology in the Deep-Sea: Anatomy, Physiology, and Molecular Biology

RRS Discovery cruise 243 had two principal objectives: to collect deep-sea animals for a variety of biological studies ranging from physiology to molecular biology, and to deploy benthic landers. The landers are described in Section 9.1, and the midwater and benthic trawling in Section 9.2. A complete list of the stations worked, with times, latitudes and longitudes, is given in Section 10, and a track chart for the whole cruise is shown in Section 11. Trawling was conducted first and foremost in order to provide specimens required for work associated with NERC grant GR3/B1212 “Analysis of light-induced interactions in the deep-sea: bioluminescence and its relation to vision, reflectance and fluorescence” to Professor Peter Herring, Dr Julian Partridge, and Dr Peter Shelton. Of equal importance to the success of the cruise, however, was the provision of biological samples for a range of inter-related studies. Descriptions of these studies are given in Section 9.3. Throughout the cruise a narrative (Section 6) was compiled to document, in diary format, the main scientific activities on board ship. It also records information about factors which affected work, such as the weather, and problems with equipment. The narrative is more or less a list of notes rather than proper prose, and was written during the cruise, documenting events as they were planned, as they unfolded, or after they had happened. In consequence, the tenses of verbs tend to vary in a haphazard way, for which I apologise. During the cruise, the Discovery “Rough Log” of biological specimens was maintained by Professor Peter Herring. A précis of some of the information from the Rough Log is incorporated into the narrative as a record of some of the most common, and some of the most unusual, animals that were collected. This is necessarily a biased record. Nevertheless, it may be useful to others planning or conducting similar cruises to the areas worked during D243, particularly those targeting the pelagic macrofauna. As the narrative shows, D243 was plagued by problems with the main winch. At one stage, early in the cruise, the severity of these problems made it likely that the cruise would have to be terminated prematurely, without any trawling having been undertaken. That this situation was reversed is due to the determination and hard work of the RVS technicians who were on board the ship. To them, Phil Taylor (RVS Technical Liaison Officer/TLO), Kevin Smith (RVS Mobilisation Officer/MO), Paul Duncan, and Rhys Roberts, we are much indebted: without their labours the cruise would not have succeeded in the way it ultimately did. Inevitably, the “science time” of the cruise was affected by the winch problems (see Section 8) and was contributory to a decision not to work the slope of the African continent, which had been part of the original cruise directive. This was, however, to some extent compensated by the generally stable weather conditions in the work area. Although we encountered conditions more extreme than are indicated in the ‘Africa Pilot’ for the region during October/November (anticipated average wind force 3), at no time was work stopped by poor weather. This in itself partly justifies the relatively long passage time to the work area. The main reason for working in the region, however, was the high diversity and abundance of midwater and benthic macrofauna in this region of upwelling and high surface water productivity. This, in combination with the trawling methods used, which included the use of the relatively large RMT25 net and a closing cod end on the RMT8 net, ensured that the requirements of the scientific personnel for specimens were well met. The scientific complement of the cruise consisted of 23 people, ranging from graduate students to professors, from five countries and eleven institutions. In addition, the cruise also hosted a team from the BBC Natural History Unit, who were on board to film for the “The Blue Planet”, a television series about the seas which is due for release in 2001. That this diverse group (who are listed, with their contact details, in Section 2) worked so well together, and were steadfastly cheerful firstly in the face of the winch problems, and later in the face of the relentlessness of trawling and catch processing, is very much to their credit. As Principal Scientist on D243 I am extremely grateful for their hard work and support in the run-up to the cruise, during the time at sea, and in its aftermath. In particular I would like to single out for thanks Ben Boorman and Nigel Merrett who, as scientific day and night watch leaders, ensured that the fishing and the supply of specimens continued without a break. D243 was also notable for one other event: it was Peter Herring’ last cruise before his retirement from the Southampton Oceanography Centre. Without a doubt, none of the participants on D243 would have been there but for Peter, such has been his impact on ocean going biology. Indeed, the format of D243 very much follows the successful formula developed by him on numerous previous cruises, including some to the Cape Verde region of the West African upwelling. If a cruise report can be dedicated, this is dedicated to him

Hydrological outlook UK - May 2021

The Hydrological Outlook provides an insight into future hydrological conditions across the UK. Specifically, it describes likely trajectories for river flows and groundwater levels on a monthly basis, with a particular focus on the next three months. Well established monitoring programmes provide the current status of both river flows and groundwater levels at many sites across the UK, and data from these programmes provide the starting point for the Outlook. A number of techniques are used to project forwards from the current state and results from these are used to produce a summary that includes a highlights map

COSMOS-UK. Soil moisture: March 2020

The COSMOS-UK soil moisture status report provides an insight into the current soil moisture conditions across the UK as monitored by the COSMOS-UK network. The network comprises approximately 50 sites at which a cosmic ray neutron sensor is deployed to monitor soil moisture within a footprint of about 12 hectares. The report is comprised of: maps of end of month soil moisture both as volumetric water content and as a soil moisture index; a short description of current status; and selected time series graphs showing data from the last three years

Hydrological outlook UK - October 2019

The Hydrological Outlook provides an insight into future hydrological conditions across the UK. Specifically, it describes likely trajectories for river flows and groundwater levels on a monthly basis, with a particular focus on the next three months. Well established monitoring programmes provide the current status of both river flows and groundwater levels at many sites across the UK, and data from these programmes provide the starting point for the Outlook. A number of techniques are used to project forwards from the current state and results from these are used to produce a summary that includes a highlights map