Inhibitory Effect of Cratoxylum formosum Gum on Candida glabrata and Its α-mangostin Content

Candida glabrata is the most common fungal species isolated in patients with severe mucosal inflammation. The high resistance to traditional antifungal therapies makes this species a growing concern in clinical settings. Cratoxylum formosum is a plant widely distributed in mountainous area of Asian countries. This study aims to examine antifungal activity of C.formosum gum against C.glabrata and its α-mangostin content. Inhibition of fungal growth was primarily tested by agar diffusion. Broth dilution method was then used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The α-mangostin content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Inhibitory effect of the gum was seen against C.glabrata (clinical isolate and ATCC22019) with zones of inhibition ranging from 14.3 to 10.2 mm. MIC value against C. glabrata ATCC22019 and the clinical isolate was 1.25 mg/mL. By HPLC, the α-mangostin content of C.formosum gum was determined as 4.08% (w/w). In conclusion, the anticandidal activity of C.formosum gum suggests that this plant may be a useful source for the development of a novel antifungal agent against candidal infection. Further in vitro/in vivo studies should be conducted to understand the mechanisms of action and to establish the safe profile of this gum for clinical usage.

Inhibitory Effect of

Candida glabrata is the most common fungal species isolated in patients with severe mucosal inflammation. The high resistance to traditional antifungal therapies makes this species a growing concern in clinical settings. Cratoxylum formosum is a plant widely distributed in mountainous area of Asian countries. This study aims to examine antifungal activity of C.formosum gum against C.glabrata and its α-mangostin content. Inhibition of fungal growth was primarily tested by agar diffusion. Broth dilution method was then used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The α-mangostin content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Inhibitory effect of the gum was seen against C.glabrata (clinical isolate and ATCC22019) with zones of inhibition ranging from 14.3 to 10.2 mm. MIC value against C. glabrata ATCC22019 and the clinical isolate was 1.25 mg/mL. By HPLC, the α-mangostin content of C.formosum gum was determined as 4.08% (w/w). In conclusion, the anticandidal activity of C.formosum gum suggests that this plant may be a useful source for the development of a novel antifungal agent against candidal infection. Further in vitro/in vivo studies should be conducted to understand the mechanisms of action and to establish the safe profile of this gum for clinical usage.

Antifungal Activity of Type III Dental Gypsum Incorporated with 3-iodo-2- Propynyl-Butylcarbamate

The fungal growth on dental model can damage and affect the physical appearance of the gypsum. Fungi can be transferred among patients and dental personnel. Moreover, they relate to numerous illnesses. Thus, the development of antifungal dental gypsum is required to avoid the fungal growth on dental models. This study evaluated antifungal properties of 3-iodo-2-propynyl-butylcarbamate (IPBC) incorporated into type III dental gypsum. Three types of dental gypsum (Sirius, Ultima, France, 0.005% w/w IPBC and non-IPBC Siam Moulding Plaster, Thailand) were tested according to modified ASTM G 21-96 method with Penicillium notatum MI-311, Aspergillus flavus MI-321, and Aspergillus spp. isolated from orthodontic models. 50 μL of spore suspension of each fungus (104CFU/mL) was dropped on the prepared gypsum samples and incubated at room temperature, ≥85% relative humidity for 28 days. Fungal growth was visually scored. No fungal growth was observed on IPBC gypsum while 2 strains of Aspergillus spp. could be found on sirius gypsum. Type III dental gypsum incorporated with IPBC shows significant antifungal activity (p < .001) compared with non-IPBC and Sirius groups. This developed gypsum with IPBC can be used to fabricate dental models to prevent any damages from fungal growth

Comparison of Various Antimicrobial Agents for Thermoplastic Polymeric Retainers

The thermoplastic retainers indicated a rising incidence of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. A report suggested the case of a patient with severe gingival inflammation and dental caries as a result of inadequate appliance cleaning. This study aims to compare the various antimicrobial agents for thermoplastic polymeric retainers. A minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of acetic acid was determined. Streptococcus mutans biofilm was formed on punched 4-mm copolyester (Essix ACE®) and polyurethane (Vivera®) retainers after they were submerged in 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX group), acetic acid (AA group), Polident Denture Cleanser® (PD group), and Polident Pro Guard & Retainer® (PR group). A crystal violet (CV) test was performed. The biofilm imaging was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results showed that all chemical disinfectants exhibited statistically significant differences (p BacLight assay was able to show the bacterial viability

Antifungal Activity of Type III Dental Gypsum Incorporated with 3-iodo-2- Propynyl-Butylcarbamate

The fungal growth on dental model can damage and affect the physical appearance of the gypsum. Fungi can be transferred among patients and dental personnel. Moreover, they relate to numerous illnesses. Thus, the development of antifungal dental gypsum is required to avoid the fungal growth on dental models. This study evaluated antifungal properties of 3-iodo-2-propynyl-butylcarbamate (IPBC) incorporated into type III dental gypsum. Three types of dental gypsum (Sirius, Ultima, France, 0.005% w/w IPBC and non-IPBC Siam Moulding Plaster, Thailand) were tested according to modified ASTM G 21-96 method with Penicillium notatum MI-311, Aspergillus flavus MI-321, and Aspergillus spp. isolated from orthodontic models. 50 μL of spore suspension of each fungus (104CFU/mL) was dropped on the prepared gypsum samples and incubated at room temperature, ≥85% relative humidity for 28 days. Fungal growth was visually scored. No fungal growth was observed on IPBC gypsum while 2 strains of Aspergillus spp. could be found on sirius gypsum. Type III dental gypsum incorporated with IPBC shows significant antifungal activity (p < .001) compared with non-IPBC and Sirius groups. This developed gypsum with IPBC can be used to fabricate dental models to prevent any damages from fungal growth

Identification of Veillonella Species in the Tongue Biofilm by Using a Novel One-Step Polymerase Chain Reaction Method.

Six Veillonella species have been frequently isolated from human oral cavities including infectious sites. Recently, it was reported that diet, smoking, and possibly socioeconomic status can influence the bacterial profile in oral cavities. In addition, oral hygiene habits may also influence oral microbiota in terms of both numbers and diversity of microorganisms. In this study, the identification of Veillonella species in tongue biofilms of Thai children, divided into three groups dependent on their status of oral hygiene. For this, we used a novel one-step PCR method with species-specific primer sets based on sequences of the rpoB gene. As shown in the results, the number of isolates of Veillonella species was 101 strains from only 10 of 89 subjects. However, the total number of bacteria was high for all subjects. Since it was reported in previous studies that Veillonella species were easy to isolate in human tongue biofilms at high numbers, the results obtained in this study may suggest country- or age-specific differences. Moreover, Veillonella species were detected predominantly in subjects who had poor oral hygiene compared to those with good or moderate oral hygiene. From these results, there is a possibility that Veillonella species may be an index of oral hygiene status. Furthermore, V. rogosae was a predominant species in tongue biofilms of Thai children, whereas V. parvula and V. denticariosi were not isolated at all. These characteristics of the distribution and frequency of Veillonella species are similar to those reported in previous studies. Although further studies are needed in other countries, in this study, a successful novel one-step PCR method was established to detect Veillonella species in human oral cavities easily and effectively. Furthermore, this is the first report investigating the distribution and frequency of Veillonella species in tongue biofilms of Thai children

Oral Microbiome in Orthodontic Acrylic Retainer

The oral microbiome can be shifted if the patients wear the acrylic retainers for a lengthy period. It is essential to understand the components of the plaque in order to forestall the development of dental caries and gingivitis. The aim of this study is to report the bacterial communities that adhere to the acrylic retainers by full-length nanopore 16S sequencing. Six healthy participants were allocated into 2 groups (chemical tablet and brushing groups). Plaque samples were collected from the acrylic retainer surfaces before and after cleaning. The bacterial communities were reported using full-length nanopore 16S sequencing. The results showed that 7 distinct phyla were identified by sequencing. The most prevalent of these was the Firmicutes. We found a total of 72 genera. The most common microorganism across all samples was Streptococcus, followed by Neisseria, Rothia, and Gemella. The beta diversity showed a significant difference between before and after cleaning (p &lt; 0.05). This study revealed the novel finding that a combination of chemical and mechanical cleaning methods was the most effective method of eliminating retainer biofilms. Moreover, retainer cleaning tablets did not alter the homeostatic balance of the bacterial communities adhering to the acrylic retainers