β‑Amyloid and α‑Synuclein Cooperate To Block SNARE-Dependent Vesicle Fusion

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by β-amyloid (Aβ) and α-synuclein (αS), respectively. Ample evidence suggests that these two pathogenic proteins are closely linked and have a synergistic effect on eliciting neurodegenerative disorders. However, the pathophysiological consequences of Aβ and αS coexistence are still elusive. Here, we show that large-sized αS oligomers, which are normally difficult to form, are readily generated by Aβ₄₂-seeding and that these oligomers efficiently hamper neuronal SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion. The direct binding of the Aβ-seeded αS oligomers to the N-terminal domain of synaptobrevin-2, a vesicular SNARE protein, is responsible for the inhibition of fusion. In contrast, large-sized Aβ₄₂ oligomers (or aggregates) or the products of αS incubated without Aβ₄₂ have no effect on vesicle fusion. These results are confirmed by examining PC12 cell exocytosis. Our results suggest that Aβ and αS cooperate to escalate the production of toxic oligomers, whose main toxicity is the inhibition of vesicle fusion and consequently prompts synaptic dysfunction