Regionalism in architecture of a village as factor effecting behavior of local identity and individual cultural features

According to the theory of regionalism, the architecture is to reflect its surroundings with its cultural and natural resources. It manifests itself in the architectural form and details of buildings, but also in the landscape characteristics present in the whole town-planning1. Regional architecture is a collection of natural and cultural elements combined by virtue of their traditional relation which are outstanding in a given area. Generally, this is the result of two powerful forces: nature and culture. Scientific investigations in respect of the regional architecture of The Sudety mountains started in the late 70s. At that time many theses, researches concerning this architecture were created and projects drafted in our department under the supervision of Professor Tadeusz Biesiekierski. All the information was collected and ordered. Not only a catalogue of forms was created but also a practical hand-book on how to built houses in this area was produced mainly for investors and a catalogue of typical houses bearing traditional features. "The Charter of Sudetes" was established which specifies the terms of town planning and modernizing of the already existing buildings. Architects', conservators', historians' of architecture work lead to specification of plans regarding the local area in agreement with "The Charter of Sudetes", namely, maintaining the regional character of the area. Professor Biesiekierski's investigations and work described and explained the architecture of the region, and disputed with the notions of "inherent" and "extraneous" or simply "home" and "alien" notions in architecture. Such division in Lower Silesia, so called Regained Territories, functioned for a long time and hindered the development. How to create new architecture modifying regional tradition? When planning new objects and continuing the features of regional architecture what an architect should have in mind is the perception of the architecture now and in the future. What are the future users' expectations? What features of the traditional architecture he or she wants to be continued and why? To what extent does it influence the project and modification of the traditional models? Does the user expect anything special or additional? In my opinion, this factor may have influence on the direction of development in this region. Needless to say that the economical development in this area also plays an important role in architecture. The researches which have been carried out so far: The Charter of Cracow, The Charter of Sudetes, The Charter of Opole - have had a rather inspiring character. After verifying them, one should come back to this kind of analysis, but in a new, contemporary socio-economical, spatial reality. Learning the opinion of the community of architects, but also investors and users will lead to reflection on: How to create architecture modifying regional tradition? Conclusions will also demonstrate the level the creative interpretation of the regional architecture is on and which direction it is going in. It will also be possible to assess how architects deal with the combination of traditional architecture and new technological or functional solutions, and in consequence how new projects are implemented and if they appropriately function in the surroundings

Effect of the rape variety on the functional property of the rapeseed oil as a fuel

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań związanych z weryfikacją hipotezy, zawierającej przypuszczenie, o wpływie odmiany nasion rzepaku na właściwości wytłaczanego z niego oleju, w aspekcie jego przydatności jako paliwa do napędu wysokoprężnych, średnioobrotowych silników spalinowych. Badania przeprowadzono dla dwóch, najbardziej rozpowszechnionych, średnio oleinowych odmian rzepaku uprawianych w kraju. Wybrano do tego celu odmiany Bojan i Kama. W badaniach, przeprowadzonych na specjalnie zaprojektowanym stanowisku badawczym do wytłaczania oleju, wykorzystano tłocznię ślimakową firmy Ferment-Duo. Wartości wybranych właściwości, pozyskiwanego na stanowisku, oleju rzepakowego, wyznaczano w specjalistycznym, akredytowanym laboratorium paliwowym, zgodnie z obowiązującymi normami.The article presents the results of studies associated with the verification of hypothesis, containing the assumption about the effect of the rape seed variety on the properties of oil extruded from it, in terms of its usefulness as a fuel to power medium-RPM diesel engines. The study was conducted for two most prevalent varieties with an average oleic canola content, grown in the country. The varieties selected for this purpose were: Bojan and Kama. The tests conducted on the specially designed test bench, for oil pressing, involved the use of Ferment-Duo’s screw press. The values of selected properties, of the rapeseed oil obtained on this stand were determined by a specialist, accredited fuel laboratory, in accordance with applicable standards

Impact of the enhancing additives on the improvement of the performance properties of rapeseed oil

Przedstawiono wyniki badań, których celem było sprawdzenie w jakim stopniu wartości własności użytkowych mieszanin uzyskanych przez dodanie do surowego oleju rzepakowego różnych dodatków uzdatniających różnią się od wartości tych właściwych olejom napędowym. Bazowym składnikiem badanych mieszanin był olej rzepakowy pozyskiwany ze średniooleinowych odmian najpowszechniej uprawianych w kraju. Dodatkami uzdatniającymi, dodawanymi w różnych proporcjach były benzyna, olej napędowy i bioetanol. Oceny własności badanych mieszanin dokonano w specjalistycznym laboratorium paliwowym, zgodnie z obowiązującymi normami.The article presents the results of studies whose aim was to test how the performance properties of mixtures obtained by adding various enhancing additives to the crude rapeseed oil treatment differ from the values of these properties presented by diesel fuels. The basic component of the tested mixtures was rapeseed oil obtained from the average oleic varieties most commonly grown in the country. The enhancing additives, being added in different proportions were: petrol, diesel oil and bio-ethanol. Property assessment of the tested mixtures has been made in the specialized fuel laboratory in accordance with the applicable standards

Effect of the outlet nozzle diameter on the service properties of the pressed rape-seed oil

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczących weryfikacji hipotezy zawierającej przypuszczenie o możliwości poprawiania użytkowych właściwości surowego oleju rzepakowego poprzez odpowiedni dobór parametrów procesu jego wytłaczania. Badania przeprowadzono dla dwóch odmian rzepaku uprawianych w kraju, różniących się zawartością kwasu oleinowego. Celem badań było sprawdzenie wpływu na właściwości oleju średnicy dyszy wylotowej. Do badań wykorzystano tłocznię ślimakową firmy Ferment-Duo. Właściwości oleju pozyskanego do badań określano w specjalistycznym laboratorium paliwowym zgodnie z obowiązującymi normami.The article presents the results of tests to verify the hypothesis that it is possible to improve the service properties of the crude rape-seed oil by appropriate selection of the parameters of its manufacturing process. The tests have been carried out using two types of rape seed grown in the country, which differ in oleic acid content. The objective of the tests was to check the influence of the outlet nozzle diameter on the oil properties. For the purpose of the tests, the plug screw feeder press of Ferment-Duo firm, was used. The properties of the oil obtained for the tests have been determined at a specialist fuel laboratory, in accordance with the current standards

Testing of the electric vehicle in driving cycles

The energy consumption of the car depends on traffic conditions and the car characteristics, speed and motion resistance such as rolling resistance, the slope angle, wind speed, etc. Vehicle speed determines the energy consumption in the vehicle in the comparable moving conditions. It is necessary to perform the research in a number of tests corresponding to the different traffic conditions to widen the knowledge beyond that from type-approval tests. The article presents energy consumption studies of electric passenger car in both approval tests: European – NEDC, American – FTP as well as special tests, for example Stop and Go. The tests were repeated several times, i.e. for different initial levels of battery charge. In addition, tests under real traffic conditions on the big city streets have been conducted. The measurements were made on a Zilent Courant passenger car, produced by Chinese company Shandong Baoya New Energy Vehicle Co. ltd. This is a pure electric vehicle, which meets the conditions for qualifying it as a “pure electric vehicle” in accordance with section 2 of the ECE Regulation no. 101. Courant is a 4-seat vehicle, based on the version of the spark ignition engine. The vehicle is equipped with an electric, brushless engine of 8.5 kW power. Acid-lead batteries provide a nominal voltage of 120 V

Properties of the rapeseed oil methyl esters and comparing them with the diesel oil properties

The paper presents theoretical analysis of the properties of the rapeseed oil methyl esters and comparing them with the diesel oil properties. The essential differences in the physic-chemical properties have been emphasised, such as: Cetane number, viscosity, density, fraction content, calorific value and temperature properties of the rapeseed oil methyl esters in respect to the diesel oil. The influence of individual properties of fuels on the combustion needs to be comprehensively approached, taking into account mutual relationships between individual characteristics of diesel oil. The numbers of the basic fuel properties depend on the fractional content, such as: viscosity, density, Cetane number or surface tension influencing the course of the physic-chemical processes taking place in the self ignition engine and the combustion. The influence of many fuel properties on the combustion process is sometimes contradictory. The range of the fuel's influence on the combustion depends also on the thermodynamic parameters of the engine. The new and current problem concerning the fuels for the self ignition engines is an introduction into the operation of the rapeseed oil esters and their mixtures with the Diesel oil are an object of the paper. The question, how will the vegetable oils affect the combustion process, remains open

Ocena przebiegu spalania mieszanin oleju rzepakowego z benzyną w komorze badawczej

The European Union directive obliges to the usage of 6% bio-fuels approx in the year of 2010. Diesel fuel can be superseded by rapeseed oil esters with the properties similar to mineral fuel. However, the production of aliphatic oils esters is expensive and requires large expenditure of capital. Considering the costs of the rapeseed oil esters production, the tests were undertaken in many countries for the application as fuel to the non-stressed diesel engines, a raw rapeseed oil with the omission of esterification process. The application of the rapeseed oil as fuel has also this advantage, that it can be produced on the own needs in property farms and processing plants. Moreover remainder on the expression of oil in the shape of oilcakes, can be utilized as the animal feed or as energy source. The tests of the rapeseed oil application to the tractors engines of the agricultural and structural machines, were already performed in the 30's in Germany, Italy and Belgium. Also in United States, research was performed for utilization of palm oil and fish fat to fuel application. The rapeseed oil properties differ from the diesel fuel. The possibility exists of certain improvement of vegetable fuel attributes through the oil additives. The one of the possibilities for the improvement of the rapeseed oil properties as fuel are the gasoline admixtures. Such additions influence on the fuel - air mixture creation process course and combustion. The vaporize temperature of the rapeseed fuels is much higher then the diesel fuel vaporize temperature, that has essential influence on the creation of fuel-air mixture process and combustion. For the purpose of lowering of these temperatures to the rapeseed oil the U95 gasoline was added. The research of the combustion process for the mixtures of rapeseed oil with gasoline and rate of heat release during the combustion analysis was performed.Dyrektywa Unii Europejskiej zobowiązuje do stosowania w roku 2010 ok. 6% biopaliw. Olej napędowy może być zastąpiony estrami oleju rzepakowego o zbliżonych właściwościach do paliwa mineralnego. Produkcja estrów olejów tłuszczowych jest jednak kosztowna i wymaga dużych nakładów inwestycyjnych. Ze względu na koszty produkcji estrów oleju rzepakowego, w wielu krajach podjęto próby stosowania jako paliwa do niewysilonych silników Diesla, surowego oleju rzepakowego z pominięciem estryfikacji. Zastosowanie oleju rzepakowego jako paliwa ma również tę zaletę, że może być produkowane na potrzeby własne w gospodarstwach rolnych i zakładach przetwórczych. Ponadto pozostałości po tłoczeniu oleju w postaci makuchów, mogą być wykorzystywane do celów hodowlanych bądź energetycznych. Próby stosowania oleju rzepakowego do silników ciągników maszyn rolniczych i budowlanych, prowadzono już w latach trzydziestych w Niemczech, Włoszech i Belgii. Również w Stanach Zjednoczonych, prowadzono badania wykorzystania do celów paliwowych oleju palmowego i tłuszczów rybnych. Olej rzepakowy różni się swoimi właściwościami od oleju napędowego. Istnieją możliwości poprawy pewnych cech paliwa roślinnego przez dodatki. Jedną z możliwości poprawy właściwości oleju rzepakowego jako paliwa są domieszki benzyny. Dodatki takie wpływają na przebieg procesu tworzenia mieszaniny paliwowo-powietrznej oraz spalanie. Temperatura odparowania paliw rzepakowych jest znacznie wyższa od temperatur oleju napędowego, co ma istotny wpływ na proces tworzenia mieszaniny paliwowo-powietrznej i spalanie. W celu obniżenia tych temperatur do oleju rzepakowego dodano benzyny U95. Przeprowadzono badania procesu spalania mieszanin oleju rzepakowego z benzyną i dokonano analizy wywiązywania ciepła w czasie spalania

Modification of physical, chemical and functional properties of rapeseed fuel

Przeprowadzono analizę wymagań normatywnych dla oleju rzepakowego i jego mieszanin w oparciu o opracowanie Ministerstwa Rolnictwa Bawarii - Niemcy. Zwrócono uwagę, że część składników nie została w pełni określona i mogą ulegać ciągłej zmianie zarówno w zakresie wartości liczbowej jak i metodyki badań. Badania laboratoryjne własne dotyczą oceny jakości wybranych właściwości fizykochemicznych oleju rzepakowego w oparciu o wprowadzenie dodatków w postaci paliw węglowodorowych takich jak: olej napędowy, benzyna U95 i etanol (bioetanol).The research involved an analysis of normative requirements for rapeseed oil and its mixtures on the basis of a study completed by Bavarian Ministry of Agriculture - Germany. It has been observed that some of the ingredients have not been fully defined, and thus they may be subject to continuous changes in regard to both numerical value and research methodology. Own laboratory tests concern quality assessment of selected physical and chemical rapeseed oil properties, based on introducing additives in form of hydrocarbon fuels including: diesel oil, U95 petrol and ethanol (bioethanol)