Theoretical and experimental pressure distributions for a 71.2 degree swept arrow-wing configuration at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds

A wind-tunnel test of an arrow-wing body configuration consisting of flat and twisted wings, as well as a variety of leading- and trailing-edge control-surface deflections, was conducted at Mach numbers from 0.40 to 2.50 to provide an experimental data base for comparison with theoretical methods. Theory-to-experiment comparisons of detailed pressure distributions were made using current state-of-the-art and newly developed attached- and separated-flow methods. Conditions were delineated under which these theories provide accurate basic and incremental aeroelastic loads predictions. Current state-of-the-art linear and nonlinear attached-flow methods were adequate only at small-angle-of-attack cruise conditions. Of the several separated-vortex methods evaluated, only the one utilizing a combination of linear source and quadratically varying doublet panels showed promise of yielding accurate loads distributions at moderate to large angles of attack

Optical-based spectroscopic methods for measuring chemical, optical, and physical properties of thin polymer waveguide films

Non-destructive optical-based spectroscopic methods are needed for analyzing “real world” devices that consist of thin polymer waveguide films. Many applications (e.g., sensors, microelectronics, optics, and biomedical applications, etc.) utilize thin polymer waveguide films, and non-destructive characterization methods based on Fourier transform (FT)-plasmon waveguide spectroscopy (PWR) and scanning angle (SA) Raman spectroscopy are used to extract optical, physical, and chemical properties simultaneously. The FT-PWR method measures reflected light at polymer waveguide interface as both the incident frequency (wavelength) and incident angle are scanned. This method uses p- and s-polarized light to simultaneously extract the polymer waveguide thickness and apparent anisotropic indices of refraction. Polystyrene waveguide films ranging from 360 to 800 nm are used to demonstrate the method and it has an average 0.4% relative error when compared to profilometry and atomic force microscopy measurements. SA Raman spectroscopy is used to measure mixed waveguide polymer films consisting of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) and homopolymer poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA:PMMA), and poly(2-vinylnapthalene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (P2VN-b-PMMA). PMMA homopolymer is added to the PS-b-PMMA solutions to vary the chemical composition. The chemical composition of each mixed film is quantified (SA Raman peak amplitude ratios) and averaged over all incident angles and is termed the Raman amplitude ratio (rps). This parameter is used to calculate the refractive index of each mixed waveguide polymer film. The refractive index is an input parameter for sum square electric field (SSEF) calculations, which are used to model SA Raman spectra as a function of incident angle to extract the film thickness. The mixed polymer waveguide film thicknesses ranged from 495 to 971 nm, and the SA Raman spectroscopy method has an average 5% difference between the values determined by profilometry. The SA Raman spectroscopy method developed for mixed polymer waveguide films is used to measure the chemical composition and extract interface locations in bilayer and trilayer films consisting of PMMA/PS or PMMA/PS/PMMA, respectively. The rps value is averaged over angle ranges corresponding to waveguide mode 0 and waveguide mode 1 for the bilayer and trilayer films, respectively. Six multilayer films are analyzed and their total thicknesses range from 330 to 1260 nm. Iterative SSEF calculations are used to model the SA Raman spectra as a function of incident angle, and the best fit to the experimental data is used to extract the total thickness and interface location(s). The method has an axial spatial resolution of 7 to 80 nm and provides comparable values to films measured by profilometry with an average 8% and 7% difference for the bilayer and trilayer films, respectively

The prediction of pressure distributions on an arrow-wing configuration including the effect of camber, twist, and a wing fin

Wind tunnel tests of an arrow wing body configuration consisting of flat, twisted, and cambered twisted wings were conducted at Mach numbers from 0.40 to 2.50 to provide an experimental data base for comparison with theoretical methods. A variety of leading and trailing edge control surface deflections were included in these tests, and in addition, the cambered twisted wing was tested with an outboard vertical fin to determine its effect on wing and control surface loads. Theory experiment comparisons show that current state of the art linear and nonlinear attached flow methods were adequate at small angles of attack typical of cruise conditions. The incremental effects of outboard fin, wing twist, and wing camber are most accurately predicted by the advanced panel method PANAIR. Results of the advanced panel separated flow method, obtained with an early version of the program, show promise that accurate detailed pressure predictions may soon be possible for an aeroelasticity deformed wing at high angles of attack

Effect of pre-slaughter handling and serology on Salmonella in pigs

This study investigated the combined effect of herd sero-prevalence, time-off-feed prior to slaughter and transport distance to the abattoir on Salmonella spp. infection in slaughter pigs under Australian marketing scenarios. Ten herds situated either \u3c 125 km or \u3e 500 km from the abattoirs were monitored at slaughter over a 12-month period both serologically (Australian Salmonella spp. mix-ELISA) and by caecal culture. On 4 occasions (seasonally) each farm withdrew feed from three groups of slaughter pigs so they were off feed for 12-18 hours, 18-24 hours and \u3e24 hours prior to slaughter, including transport and lairage times. For herds \u3c125 km from the abattoirs, Salmonella spp. infection decreased significantly with an increase in the period between last feed and slaughter. For herds \u3e 500 km from the abattoirs, Salmonella spp. infection increased significantly with an increase in the period between last feed and slaughter, other factors apparently overriding the protective effect of fasting. Herd sero-prevalence was not a significant risk factor for caecal positivity

Early Lessons Learned from Building Local Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems in Texas

In 2010, the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program (MIECHV), provided states with the opportunity to apply for funding to build and expand evidence-based home visiting programs in their states and to incorporate community collaboration components, referred to as early childhood comprehensive systems (ECCS). For Texas, this was the first opportunity to build a statewide program of home visiting services that would be incorporated within local comprehensive early childhood systems to support the early development of Texas children and their families. This paper highlights the lessons learned from the first year of implementing a comprehensive system of early childhood services in the Texas Home Visiting Program (THVP). Findings from this first year can inform any effort to build comprehensive and accountable communities for children. By the end of the first year, each of the seven Texas communities taking part in THVP had made significant progress building their ECCS. Prior experience building coalitions in the community facilitated early, but not necessarily long-term, success. Communities required flexibility to build an ECCS that fit their unique contexts, but they also required strong support and technical assistance to sustain their coalitions. Additionally, the availability of local-level data to inform the development of coalition goals and action plans was critical to recruiting and sustaining membership. Moving forward, communities will begin to assess and promote the sustainability of their ECCS. Sustainability will be critical to reaching the ultimate goal of providing a seamless delivery of health and human services to ensure that all children are ready for school

The effect of alkylphenols on lobster shell hardening

Author Posting. © National Shellfisheries Association, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of National Shellfisheries Association for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Shellfish Research 31 (2012): 555-562, doi:10.2983/035.031.0215.Alkylphenols, anthropogenic estrogenic endocrine disruptors in vertebrates, have been found in lobsters (Homarus americanus) in New England sites. We hypothesize that alkylphenols interfere in the shell hardening during molting. We used an in vitro cuticle bioassay to investigate the effects of 2 alkylphenolic compounds—2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl) phenol (compound 3) and bisphenol A (BPA; 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane (also referred to as 4,4′-(propan-2-ylidene) diphenol)) on tyrosine incorporation during the hardening of new cuticle following lobster molting. During sclerotization, both alkylphenols and cold tyrosine competed with C14-tyrosine incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. This process was also phenoloxidase dependent, as treatment with phenylthiourea (PTU; a phenoloxidase inhibitor) significantly decreased C14-tyrosine incorporation. We also found that incorporation of C14-2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl) phenol during the shell hardening process was inhibited by cold alkylphenol, cold tyrosine, or PTU, and competition was concentration dependent. Furthermore, incorporation of tyrosine and derivatives into new cuticle decreased with time after molting from 27% incorporation 1 day after a molt to 6% by 4 days after a molt. In nonmolting cuticles, there was no incorporation of alkylphenol or tyrosine derivatives. When lobsters were injected with 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl) phenol during the premolt stage, it took the shells 12 ± 1 days to harden sufficiently to resist deflection by 5 lb pressure exerted by a pressure gauge, compared with 7 ± 1 days for control shells. Thus, shell hardening is delayed significantly by the presence of 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl) phenol. The effects of this compound on shell hardening may result in lobsters' susceptibility to microbial invasion and, therefore, may contribute to the onset of shell disease.This research was supported by the National Marine Fisheries Service as the New England Lobster Research Initiative: Lobster Shell Disease under NOAA grant NA06NMF4720100 to the University of Rhode Island Fisheries Center

Design and Demonstration of a New Small-Scale Jet Noise Experiment

A facility capable of acoustic and velocity field measurements of high-speed jets has recently been built and tested. The anechoic chamber that houses the jet has a 2.1 m × 2.3 m × 2.5 m wedge tip to wedge tip working volume. We aim to demonstrate that useful experiments can be performed in such a relatively small facility for a substantially lower cost than in larger facility. Rapid prototyping allows for quick manufacturing of both simple and complex geometry nozzles. Sideline and 30° downstream acoustic measurements between 400 Hz and 100 kHz agree well with accepted results. Likewise, nozzle exit-plane data obtained using particle image velocimetry are in good agreement with other studies

A Precious-Metal-Free Hybrid Electrolyzer for Alcohol Oxidation Coupled to CO2 -to-Syngas Conversion.

Electrolyzers combining CO2 reduction (CO2 R) with organic substrate oxidation can produce fuel and chemical feedstocks with a relatively low energy requirement when compared to systems that source electrons from water oxidation. Here, we report an anodic hybrid assembly based on a (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) electrocatalyst modified with a silatrane-anchor (STEMPO), which is covalently immobilized on a mesoporous indium tin oxide (mesoITO) scaffold for efficient alcohol oxidation (AlcOx). This molecular anode was subsequently combined with a cathode consisting of a polymeric cobalt phthalocyanine on carbon nanotubes to construct a hybrid, precious-metal-free coupled AlcOx-CO2 R electrolyzer. After three-hour electrolysis, glycerol is selectively oxidized to glyceraldehyde with a turnover number (TON) of ≈1000 and Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 83 %. The cathode generated a stoichiometric amount of syngas with a CO:H2 ratio of 1.25±0.25 and an overall cobalt-based TON of 894 with a FE of 82 %. This prototype device inspires the design and implementation of nonconventional strategies for coupling CO2 R to less energy demanding, and value-added, oxidative chemistry

Leadership, the logic of sufficiency and the sustainability of education

The notion of sufficiency has not yet entered mainstream educational thinking, and it still has to make its mark upon educational leadership. However, a number of related concepts – particularly those of sustainability and complexity theory – are beginning to be noticed. This article examines these two concepts and uses them to critique the quasi-economic notion of efficiency, before arguing that the concept of sufficiency arises naturally from this discussion. This concept, originally derived from environmental thinking, has both metaphorical and practical impact for educational organizations and their leadership. An examination of three possible meanings suggests that while an embrace of an imperative concept of sufficiency seems increasingly necessary, its adoption would probably lead to a number of other problems, as it challenges some fundamental societal values and assumptions. Nevertheless, the article argues that these need to be addressed for the sake of both sustainable leadership and a sustainable planet