South-south development cooperation: Cuba's health programmes in Africa

Cuba's health programmes in Africa, dating back some forty years, and its training of African doctors in Cuba itself, have made an original contribution to international development Cuba's programmes have focussed heavily on capacity building within the health sector, rather than large infrastructure projects. They have been located within a distinctive discourse of solidarity among developing countries, officially repudiating the self-interest and power imbalances usually implicit in donor-recipient relations; they have been largely free from political conditionality; and their core values are preventive and holistic medicine, rather than the medical conception of health commonly seen as a legacy of colonialism in Africa. Cuba made a significant contribution to the concept of south-south development cooperation well before this concept began to influence the professional field of development studies in the 1990s - when it was identified as an alternative form of globalisation and seen as a key driver of development effectiveness in meeting the Millennium Development Goals. This brief exploration of some of Cuba's health programmes in Africa suggests that they exemplify both the strengths and limitations of south-south development cooperation, which currently accounts for between five and ten per cent of overseas development activity. </p

Arctic shipping : a contrasted expansion of a largely destinational market

In the frame of climate change, sea ice conditions are changing; the length of the navigable season, depending on the vessel ice class, has already expanded and is expected to increase further (Stephenson et al. in Clim Change 118(3–4):885–899, 2013; in Polar Geogr 37(2):111–133, 2014). This reduction in sea ice extent and volume has triggered scenarios of fast expansion of maritime trade along Arctic sea routes. The impact of climate change on melting Arctic sea ice has been widely discussed in the scientific literature, as well as in the media. The media largely reported two events that fuelled these narratives on the advent of Arctic shipping.