Pulsational Pair-instability Supernovae. I. Pre-collapse Evolution and Pulsational Mass Ejection

We calculate the evolution of massive stars, which undergo pulsational pair-instability (PPI) when the O-rich core is formed. The evolution from the main-sequence through the onset of PPI is calculated for stars with the initial masses of $80 - 140$ $M_{\odot}$ and metallicities of $Z = 10^{-3} - 1.0$ $Z_\odot$. Because of mass loss, $Z \leq 0.5$ $Z_\odot$ is necessary for stars to form He cores massive enough (i.e., mass $>40 ~M_\odot$) to undergo PPI. The hydrodynamical phase of evolution from PPI through the beginning of Fe core collapse is calculated for the He cores with masses of $40 - 62 ~M_\odot$ and $Z = 0$. During PPI, electron-positron pair production causes a rapid contraction of the O-rich core which triggers explosive O-burning and a pulsation of the core. We study the mass dependence of the pulsation dynamics, thermodynamics, and nucleosynthesis. The pulsations are stronger for more massive He cores and result in such a large amount of mass ejection such as $3 - 13$ $M_\odot$ for $40 - 62 ~M_\odot$ He cores. These He cores eventually undergo Fe-core collapse. The $64 ~M_\odot$ He core undergoes complete disruption and becomes a pair-instability supernova. The H-free circumstellar matter ejected around these He cores is massive enough for to explain the observed light curve of Type I (H-free) superluminous supernovae with circumstellar interaction. We also note that the mass ejection sets the maximum mass of black holes (BHs) to be $\sim 50$ $M_{\odot}$, which is consistent with the masses of BHs recently detected by VIRGO and aLIGO.Comment: 33 pages, 57 figures, submitted at 29 January 2019, revised at 16 October 2019, accepted at 20 October 2019; published 11 December 2019. References and metadata update