241 research outputs found
Productive Structure in the Neo-Kaleckian Model of Growth and Distribution: Simulations to the Brazilian Economy
This chapter has as its main objective to analyze the relationship between structural change, exchange rate devaluation, growth and income distribution in Brazil. The neo-Kaleckian model of growth and distribution as designed by Cimoli et al. (2016) is simulated to the short run, where there are no restrictions to deficits on the balance of payments. This is a post-Keynesian model with Schumpeterian and Latin American structuralist ideas. The shocks in the model are made in order to understand impacts of structural change, wage level increases, and exchange rate devaluations in the Brazilian economy. To accomplish these objectives, the model is calibrated in this chapter using real data for 2011. The results indicate the dynamics of the neo-Kaleckian model and lead to an analysis of possible impacts of changes in the productive sector on growth and income distribution in Brazil
Clinical Implications of Referral Bias in the Diagnostic Performance of Exercise Testing for Coronary Artery Disease
BackgroundExercise testing with echocardiography or myocardial perfusion imaging is widely used to riskâstratify patients with suspected coronary artery disease. However, reports of diagnostic performance rarely adjust for referral bias, and this practice may adversely influence patient care. Therefore, we evaluated the potential impact of referral bias on diagnostic effectiveness and clinical decisionâmaking.Methods and ResultsSearching PubMed and EMBASE (1990â2012), 2 investigators independently evaluated eligibility and abstracted data on study characteristics and referral patterns. Diagnostic performance reported in 4 previously published metaâanalyses of exercise echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging was adjusted using pooled referral rates and Bayesian methods. Twentyâone studies reported referral patterns in 49 006 patients (mean age 60.7 years, 39.6% women, and 0.8% prior history of myocardial infarction). Catheterization referral rates after normal and abnormal exercise tests were 4.0% (95% CI, 2.9% to 5.0%) and 42.5% (36.2% to 48.9%), respectively, with odds ratio for referral after an abnormal test of 14.6 (10.7 to 19.9). After adjustment for referral, exercise echocardiography sensitivity fell from 84% (80% to 89%) to 34% (27% to 41%), and specificity rose from 77% (69% to 86%) to 99% (99% to 100%). Similarly, exercise myocardial perfusion imaging sensitivity fell from 85% (81% to 88%) to 38% (31% to 44%), and specificity rose from 69% (61% to 78%) to 99% (99% to 100%). Summary receiver operating curve analysis demonstrated only modest changes in overall discriminatory power but adjusting for referral increased positiveâpredictive value and reduced negativeâpredictive value.ConclusionsExercise echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging are considerably less sensitive and more specific for coronary artery disease after adjustment for referral. Given these findings, future work should assess the comparative ability of these and other tests to ruleâin versus ruleâout coronary artery disease
New insights from a structural economic dynamic approach to balance of payments constrained growth
In this paper it is shown that once-for-all variations in the level of the exchange rate may play an important role in the sectoral composition of the economy and this fact has important implications in terms of a disaggregated version of the Thirlwallâs law even if the argument of the quantitative unimportance of relative price movements holds. The growth rate of a country is then shown to be affected by once-for-all movements in the level of nominal exchange rates and the concept of a natural exchange rate is introduced
Wageâled versus profitâled demand: a comprehensive empirical analysis
This study investigates various economic factorsâ impact in determining the relationship between functional income distribution and aggregate demand from both a theoretical and an empirical viewpoint. We base our analysis on a demandâdriven growth model for an open economy that allows for either profitâled or wageâled regimes. Our results strongly indicate that a higher level of trade openness is associated with a lower probability of being wageâled. We find evidence that lower wage inequality makes an economy more wageâled and that countries with a greater private creditâtoâgross domestic product (GDP) ratio are more likely to be profitâled
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