The Turbulence Power Spectrum in Optically Thick Interstellar Clouds

The Fourier power spectrum is one of the most widely used statistical tools to analyze the nature of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the interstellar medium. Lazarian & Pogosyan (2004) predicted that the spectral slope should saturate to -3 for an optically thick medium and many observations exist in support of their prediction. However, there have not been any numerical studies to-date testing these results. We analyze the spatial power spectrum of MHD simulations with a wide range of sonic and Alfv\'enic Mach numbers, which include radiative transfer effects of the $^{13}$CO transition. We confirm numerically the predictions of Lazarian & Pogosyan (2004) that the spectral slope of line intensity maps of an optically thick medium saturates to -3. Furthermore, for very optically thin supersonic CO gas, where the density or CO abundance values are too low to excite emission in all but the densest shock compressed gas, we find that the spectral slope is shallower than expected from the column density. Finally, we find that mixed optically thin/thick CO gas, which has average optical depths on order of unity, shows mixed behavior: for super-Alfv\'enic turbulence, the integrated intensity power spectral slopes generally follow the same trend with sonic Mach number as the true column density power spectrum slopes. However, for sub-Alfv\'enic turbulence the spectral slopes are steeper with values near -3 which are similar to the very optically thick regime.Comment: accepted to Ap

The Global Popularity of William Shakespeare in 303 Wikipedias

There are no reliable figures on contemporary Shakespeare reception around the world. However, we can provide such figures by analysing which of the 303 global Wikipedias (in about as many languages) have Shakespeare entries and how often these entries have been viewed. These statistics enable us to concretely identify which works are the most viewed in different contexts around the world. We will see, for instance, which cultures are more interested in Shakespeare’s tragedies, comedies, histories, and poetry. We will find out which single plays are preferred in different cultures, and which plays, instead, are practically ignored abroad. In short, we can distinguish different levels of popularity of his works in different settings. Thus, we will discover that for a plurality of Wikipedias, almost fifty, Romeo and Juliet is number one in pageviews, while in many, but fewer others, it is Hamlet. In seven Wikipedias, on the other hand, Macbeth is number one, while Julius Caesar is first in still several others. Othello, King Lear, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, As You Like It, and Antony and Cleopatra are the only other rare leaders in specific Wikipedias. In short, this article will present the basic popular global reception information about all of Shakespeare’s works, filling a lacuna in critical research; this will allow researchers to pursue more detailed levels of investigation of Shakespeare’s canonicity in different contexts across the globe

Preface: World Literature in an Expanding Digital Space

Wikipedia, the world’s largest encyclopedia, and Wikidata, the rapidly growing knowledge graph, are not yet widely used in literary studies, but their scale and multilingualism make them particularly suitable as new means for the study of world literature. This is the hypothesis at the heart of this special issue. Our preface provides a research overview of the topic, briefly summarizes the articles that constitute this issue, and focuses on overarching aspects and common challenges

Global Issues in Criminal Law

This book provides an introduction to issues arising in international and transnational crimes, giving students a broader perspective on a developing area of the law. Faculty and students have access to material from domestic and international sources. The book builds on a number of subjects treated in the traditional criminal law class, such as mens rea, actus reus, accomplice and conspiratorial liability, and defenses, by analyzing three subjects of current interest: transnational crimes, terrorism, and genocide.https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/facultyteaching/1011/thumbnail.jp

Minimum energy route optimisation of a quad-copter UAV with landing incentivisation

Recent advancements in the technology surrounding UAVs have expanded the possibility of incorporating them into current logistical solutions. In order to accurately assess their capabilities, it is important that minimum energy trajectories can be generated to increase the travel range of a UAV as well as its possible number of visited locations. However, in current formulations of the optimisation problem, UAV dynamics do not incorporate a contact force on the ground. This results in hover-to-hover trajectories where the duration of the journey is exactly equal to an arrival time which is set as one of the problem's parameters. Those solutions are likely to be energetically sub-optimal if an unnecessarily large value of arrival time is chosen. This paper introduces landing capability by modifying gravitational acceleration in the dynamics using a sigmoid function which approaches zero at the destination. In this way, the trip can be conducted in a shorter amount of time if it results in lower energy consumption. The new model is compared against an example from the literature, where the corresponding solution results in a reduction of the travel time and energy consumption by approximately 80%. It is also applied to a real-world example where it is demonstrated that a UAV can provide energy savings if it replaces a van completing a delivery in the Solent region of the UK

Distantly reading Dante translations

This paper outlines a new research project that aims to catalogue and investigate all booklength translations of Dante’s Divine Comedy in 100 countries. This will be, in fact, the first project to map the circulation and translation of Dante’s Commedia across the globe using statistics and analysis. Despite 700 years of Dante Studies, there still exists no comprehensive bibliography of translations; and critical studies still focus primarily on major languages, neglecting less-translated languages. The theoretical background of this project draws on Franco Moretti’s ‘distant reading’, David Damrosch’s theories of world literature, and Johan Heilbron’s world system of translations. This project will include three strands, which it aims to carry out with a team of scholars. The first will examine the empirical data about the translations of the Commedia and their circulation abroad. The second strand will study the formal aspects of the translations, seeing where the Commedia was translated into terza rima, and discovering the predominant metrical forms of translations across the world. The third strand will investigate how the Commedia was translated under censorship, in fascist regimes, theocracies, military dictatorships, constitutional monarchies, the Eastern Bloc and Communist dictatorships. As the project is still in the early stages of research I will not be giving conclusions, but rather suggesting new pathways for future development