Influence of Surface Material on the BCl Density in Inductively Coupled Discharges

The relative density of BCl radicals has been measured in a modified Applied Materials DPS metal etch chamber using laser-induced fluorescence. In plasmas containing mixtures of BCl{sub 3} with Cl{sub 2}, Ar and/or N{sub 2}, the relative BCl density was measured as a function of source and bias power, pressure, flow rate, BCl{sub 3}/Cl{sub 2} ratio and argon addition. To determine the influence of surface materials on the bulk plasma properties, the relative BCl density was measured using four different substrate types; aluminum, alumina, photoresist, and photoresist-patterned aluminum. In most cases, the relative BCl density was highest above photoresist-coated wafers and lowest above blanket aluminum wafers. The BCl density increased with increasing source power and the ratio of BCl{sub 3} to Cl{sub 2}, while the addition of N{sub 2} to a BCl{sub 3}/Cl{sub 2} plasma resulted in a decrease in BCl density. The BCl density was relatively insensitive to changes in the other plasma parameters

Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment

Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notablesuccesses in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targetedtherapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a fewdisease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistantimmortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are notreliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, aninternational task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broad-spectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspectsof relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a widerange of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For thesetargets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which werephytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed forknown effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment. Potential contrary or procar-cinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixedevidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of therelationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. Thisnovel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types ofcancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for futureresearch is offered

Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: TARIA‐MeDALL hypothesis

Asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis (AD) are interrelated clinical phenotypes that partly overlap in the human interactome. The concept of “one-airway-one-disease,” coined over 20 years ago, is a simplistic approach of the links between upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases. With new data, it is time to reassess the concept. This article reviews (i) the clinical observations that led to Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), (ii) new insights into polysensitization and multimorbidity, (iii) advances in mHealth for novel phenotype definitions, (iv) confirmation in canonical epidemiologic studies, (v) genomic findings, (vi) treatment approaches, and (vii) novel concepts on the onset of rhinitis and multimorbidity. One recent concept, bringing together upper- and lower-airway allergic diseases with skin, gut, and neuropsychiatric multimorbidities, is the “Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis.” This review determined that the “one-airway-one-disease” concept does not always hold true and that several phenotypes of disease can be defined. These phenotypes include an extreme “allergic” (asthma) phenotype combining asthma, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

HYDROGEN IONS EMISSION UNDER FAST CHARGED PARTICLES : THE BEGINNING OF THE DESORPTION PROCESS

L'émission des ions H-, H+ et H+2 par des surfaces exposées au bombardment de fragments de fission du 252Cf a été analysée. Des taux de desorption relatifs on été mesurés, ainsi que la distribution de leur energie cinetique initiale. Il a été observé que le taux de desorption des ions H- est à peu près le même que celui des ions H+ mais que leur énergie cinetique initiale moyenne est clairement inferieur à celles des ions H+ et H+2. Il est proposé que le mécanisme de la desorption est un processus d'ionisation ou d'excitation electronique, suivi d'une dissociation du système. Un modèle de desorption genre dissociation d'une molecule H2 est presenté. Des résultats obtenus par l'impact d'electrons sont également considerés dans la discussion.The emission of H-, H+ and H+2 ions by solid samples exposed to the bombardment of 252Cf fission fragments has been analyzed. Relative desorption yields have been measured, as well as the initial kinetic energy. It was found that the H- desorption yield is close to the H+ yield but its average initial kinetic energy is clearly smaller than that of the H+ and H+2. It is proposed that the basic desorption mechanism is an ionization/electronic excitation process followed by dissociation of the system. A H2 - dissociation desorption model is presented. Processes such Auger efect and ionization induced by secondary electrons may also participate. Results are compared with with electron impact data

CLUSTERS AS PROJECTILES FOR SIMS

Des agrégats polyatomiques et ions moléculaires ont été produits par désorption induite par des fragments de fission. Après accélération à des énergies de quelques keV, ces agrégats ont été utilisés à leur tour comme projectiles pour induire des émissions d'ions secondaires. Des spectres de masse en temps de vol indiquent pour des ions secondaires positifs émis à partir de LiF, une possibilité d'effets chimiques dans le processus de désorption. Les possibilités d'utilisation de la source d'agrégats décrite sont évidentes. Des rendements réhaussés en ions secondaires peuvent être escomptés, les rendements expérimentaux restent cependant à déterminer.Atomic and molecular cluster ions have been generated by fission fragment induced desorption and then accelerated to keV energies for use as projectiles inducing secondary ion emission. Time of flight mass spectra of positive secondary ions emitted from LiF are presented which show possible chemical effects in the desorption process. Although experimental verification of enhanced secondary ion yields remain to be completed, the potential benefits of using this type of cluster ion source are apparent