ADMINISTRATIVE-CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY IN POLAND AS AN ALTERNATIVE INVESTIGATION AND SANCTIONING SYSTEM

The system of penal law in Poland is complicated. It includes responsibility for crimes, misdemeanours, fiscal crimes and fiscal misdemeanour. Besides, there are administrative offences punishable with very severe sanctions. Their number has been increasing since the 1990s and now they play an important role as an alternative investigation and sanctioning system. They formally belong to administrative law, but their assessment from the perspective of the criteria of ‘criminal charge’ developed in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR allows to treat them as part of criminal law sensu largissimo. Therefore, this form of responsibility is also called administrative-criminal responsibility. This raises the question of the accordance of the rules regarding the administrative-criminal responsibility, belonging to administrative law, with the main criminal law guarantees. The aim of this paper is to present the general character of administrative-criminal responsibility and to evaluate the rules introduced in 2017 from the perspective of the certain safeguards appropriate for criminal responsibility.El sistema punitivo en Polonia es complicado. Incluye responsabilidad por delitos, faltas, infracciones fiscales y faltas fiscales. Además, existen infracciones administrativas que pueden derivar en sanciones muy severas. Su número ha aumentado desde la década de 1990 y ahora desempeñan un papel importante como sistema alternativo de investigación y sanción. Pertenecen formalmente al derecho administrativo, pero su análisis desde el punto de vista de los criterios de 'persecución penal' desarrollados en la jurisprudencia del TEDH permite tratarlas como parte del derecho penal sensu largissimo. Por tanto, esta forma de responsabilidad también se denomina responsabilidad administrativo-penal. Surge, entonces, la cuestión de la conformidad de las normas relativas a la responsabilidad administrativo-penal, pertenecientes al derecho administrativo, con las principales garantías del derecho penal. El propósito del artículo es presentar el carácter general de la responsabilidad administrativo-penal y evaluar las normas introducidas en 2017 desde la perspectiva de algunas salvaguardas específicamente dirigidas a la responsabilidad penal.O sistema punitivo na Polônia é complicado. Inclui a responsabilidade por crimes, contravenções, crimes fiscais e contravenções fiscais. Além disso, existem infrações administrativas que podem acarretar sanções muito severas. Seu número tem aumentado desde a década de 1990 e agora desempenham um papel importante como um sistema alternativo de investigação e sanção. Elas pertencem formalmente ao direito administrativo, mas sua análise do ponto de vista dos critérios de ‘acusação criminal’ desenvolvidos na jurisprudência do TEDH permite tratá-las como parte do direito penal sensu largissimo. Portanto, essa forma responsabilidade também é chamada de responsabilidade administrativo-criminal. Levanta-se, então, a questão da conformidade das normas relativas à responsabilidade administrativo-criminal, pertencentes ao direito administrativo, com as principais garantias do direito penal. O objetivo do artigo é apresentar o caráter geral da responsabilidade administrativo-criminal e avaliar as regras introduzidas em 2017 na perspectiva de algumas salvaguardas voltadas especificamente à responsabilidade criminal

THE SANCTIONING OF INSIDER TRADING IN BRAZIL AND IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Our purpose here is to compare the protection against insider trading in Brazil and the European Union law, specifically the way insider trading is sanctioned in these two jurisdictions. We highlight the different compositions between administrative and criminal sanctions found in the two systems and their implications for the fundamental rights and personal rights (in case of Brazil) of those held liable for the practice of insider trading. The possible cumulation of punishments imposed by criminal courts and administrative regulatory bodies raise the question whether there might be a violation of the ne bis in idem principle. The response to that question is different in each system. We will start by briefly taking stock of the genesis and evolution of anti-insider trading regulation in Brazil and in the EU in order to comprehend the different rationales for the prohibition of insider trading in the two jurisdiction, so as to understand the reasons behind their divergencies and convergencies.Nuestro propósito aquí es comparar la protección contra el uso de información privilegiada en Brasil y la ley de la Unión Europea, específicamente la forma en que se sanciona el uso de información privilegiada en estas dos jurisdicciones. Destacamos las diferentes composiciones entre sanciones administrativas y penales encontradas en los dos sistemas y sus implicaciones para los derechos fundamentales y los derechos de la personalidad (en el caso de Brasil) de los responsables por la práctica del uso de información privilegiada. La posible acumulación de sanciones impuestas por los tribunales penales y los órganos reguladores administrativos plantea la cuestión de si podría haber una violación del principio ne bis in idem. La respuesta a esa pregunta es diferente en cada sistema. Comenzaremos revisando brevemente la génesis y evolución de la regulación sobre el uso de información privilegiada en Brasil y en la UE con el fin de comprender las diferentes razones de la prohibición del uso de información privilegiada en ambas jurisdicciones con el fin de comprender las razones detrás de sus diferencias y convergencias.Nosso objetivo aqui é comparar a proteção contra insider trading no Brasil e na União Europeia, especificamente a maneira como o insider trading é sancionado nessas duas jurisdições. Destacaremos as diferentes combinações entre sanções administrativas e criminais encontradas nos dois sistemas e suas implicações para os direitos fundamentais e da personalidade (no caso do Brasil) dos responsáveis pela prática de abuso de informação privilegiada. A possível acumulação de punições impostas por tribunais criminais e órgãos reguladores administrativos levanta a questão de saber se pode haver uma violação do princípio ne bis in idem. A resposta a essa pergunta será diferente em cada sistema. Começaremos fazendo um breve balanço da gênese e da evolução da regulamentação sobre uso de informações privilegiadas no Brasil e na UE, a fim de compreender as diferentes razões para a proibição do insider trading nas duas jurisdições de forma a entender os motivos por trás de suas divergências e convergências

The Evolution of Musical Language and Sonata Form in the Piano Sonatas of Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin

ABSTRACT The evolution of musical language and sonata form in the piano sonatas of Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin by Filip Blachnio The evolution of Scriabin’s musical style has been unmatched by any other composer and poses questions until this day. The collection of Scriabin’s ten piano sonatas most aptly demonstrates Scriabin’s long-term transformation. The composer’s early and late sonatas are radically different on the surface but share similar underlying principles. The purpose of this dissertation is to show the profound lines of development between Scriabin’s early and late styles and conceptions of sonata form. The introductory chapter provides a background necessary for the study of change in Scriabin’s approach to sonata form. The main body of my dissertation consists of three analytic chapters on Scriabin’s third, fifth, and seventh sonatas - representative works of the composer’s three creative periods. These analyses focus on three areas which are most indicative of Scriabin’s musical development: harmony, form, and extramusical ideas. By comparing these indicative areas in Scriabin’s early, middle, and late sonatas I gain a better understanding of his idiosyncratic musical language and sonata form. The concluding chapter releases my observations and places Scriabin’s sonatas in a broader musical context

Influence of Pesticide Properties on Adsorption Capacity and Rate on Activated Carbon from Aqueous Solution

The adsorbate structural properties such as the type, number, and position of substituents on benzene ring of organic compound, as well as a length and arrangement of hydrocarbon chain in a space, exert a significant influence on the adsorption process. The measurements of adsorption equilibria and kinetics of several pesticides belonging to the group of halogenated phenoxyacids differentiated in terms of structural and physicochemical properties were studied in order to characterize the adsorption mechanism and correlate it with the pollutant properties. Regarding a complexity of investigations (capacity and rate) comprising 21 structurally closely related active substances showing the carcinogenic activity on living organisms and relatively long half-life time in the environment, the proposed intensive studies on the removal of pollutants by adsorption process are very important in cognitive and practical terms

Psychometric Properties of the Driving Behaviour Scale (DBS) among Polish Drivers

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This manuscript is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Anxiety can negatively affect an individual’s psychological wellbeing and lead to mild-to-moderate functional impairment in various areas of their lives. Despite this, the relationship between anxiety and driving performance has received very little empirical attention. The Driving Behaviour Scale (Clapp, Olsen, Beck, et al., 2011, Clapp, Olsen, Danoff-Burg, et al., 2011) was developed as a measure of anxious driving behaviours to support research in this area. The current study details adaptation and validation of the Driving Behaviour Scale (DBS; Clapp, Olsen, Beck, et al., 2011, Clapp, Olsen, Danoff-Burg, et al., 2011) in 310 university students in Poland. The overall internal consistency for the DBS was 0.76, while the two subscales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (safety/cautious = 0.75 and hostile/aggressive behaviours = 0.85). The reliability estimates for performance deficit returned a lower coefficient of 0.65. Factor analysis produced a three-factor solution that supported the original structure of the DBS. The DBS may be utilised as a measure of driving anxiety in samples drawn from the general population.Peer reviewe

Training Does Not Alter Muscle Ceramide and Diacylglycerol in Offsprings of Type 2 Diabetic Patients Despite Improved Insulin Sensitivity

Ceramide and diacylglycerol (DAG) may be involved in the early phase of insulin resistance but data are inconsistent in man. We evaluated if an increase in insulin sensitivity after endurance training was accompanied by changes in these lipids in skeletal muscle. Nineteen first-degree type 2 diabetes Offsprings (Offsprings) (age: 33.1±1.4 yrs; BMI: 26.4±0.4 kg/m2) and sixteen matched Controls (age: 31.3±1.5 yrs; BMI: 25.3±0.7 kg/m2) performed 10 weeks of endurance training three times a week at 70% of VO2max on a bicycle ergometer. Before and after the intervention a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and VO2max test were performed and muscle biopsies obtained. Insulin sensitivity was significantly lower in Offsprings compared to control subjects (p<0.01) but improved in both groups after 10 weeks of endurance training (Off: 17±6%; Con: 12±9%, p<0.01). The content of muscle ceramide, DAG, and their subspecies were similar between groups and did not change in response to the endurance training except for an overall reduction in C22:0-Cer (p<0.05). Finally, the intervention induced an increase in AKT protein expression (Off: 27±11%; Con: 20±24%, p<0.05). This study showed no relation between insulin sensitivity and ceramide or DAG content suggesting that ceramide and DAG are not major players in the early phase of insulin resistance in human muscle

Loneliness, Friendship, and Facebook Intrusion. A Study in Poland, Slovakia, Syria, Malaysia, and Ecuador

With the increasing popularity of Facebook, a new social phenomenon connected with its extensive use has appeared: namely, Facebook intrusion. The main aim of the study was to examine the mediating role of loneliness in the relation between friendships and Facebook intrusion. We analyzed data from five countries: Poland (N = 399), Slovakia (N = 266), Syria (N = 475), Ecuador (N = 327), and Malaysia (N = 241). The total sample consisted of 1731 participants who had Facebook accounts; 61% of the participants were women. We administered the Facebook Intrusion Scale, the Loneliness Scale, and the Friendship Scale. The results indicated differences in the role of loneliness and friendship in Facebook intrusion, depending on the country. Among young Polish people, friendship decreases loneliness and loneliness decreases Facebook intrusion. Whereas among Ecuadorians friendship decreases loneliness, while loneliness increases Facebook intrusion

Aerobic Training in Rats Increases Skeletal Muscle Sphingomyelinase and Serine Palmitoyltransferase Activity, While Decreasing Ceramidase Activity

Sphingolipids are important components of cell membranes that may also serve as cell signaling molecules; ceramide plays a central role in sphingolipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 5 weeks of aerobic training on key enzymes and intermediates of ceramide metabolism in skeletal muscles. The experiments were carried out on rats divided into two groups: (1) sedentary and (2) trained for 5 weeks (on a treadmill). The activity of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), neutral and acid sphingomyelinase (nSMase and aSMase), neutral and alkaline ceramidases (nCDase and alCDase) and the content of sphingolipids was determined in three types of skeletal muscle. We also measured the fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentration for calculating HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment) for estimating insulin resistance. We found that the activities of aSMase and SPT increase in muscle in the trained group. These changes were followed by elevation in the content of sphinganine. The activities of both isoforms of ceramidase were reduced in muscle in the trained group. Although the activities of SPT and SMases increased and the activity of CDases decreased, the ceramide content did not change in any of the studied muscle. Although ceramide level did not change, we noticed increased insulin sensitivity in trained animals. It is concluded that training affects the activity of key enzymes of ceramide metabolism but also activates other metabolic pathways which affect ceramide metabolism in skeletal muscles