How Does Pruning Impact Long-Tailed Multi-Label Medical Image Classifiers?

Pruning has emerged as a powerful technique for compressing deep neural networks, reducing memory usage and inference time without significantly affecting overall performance. However, the nuanced ways in which pruning impacts model behavior are not well understood, particularly for long-tailed, multi-label datasets commonly found in clinical settings. This knowledge gap could have dangerous implications when deploying a pruned model for diagnosis, where unexpected model behavior could impact patient well-being. To fill this gap, we perform the first analysis of pruning's effect on neural networks trained to diagnose thorax diseases from chest X-rays (CXRs). On two large CXR datasets, we examine which diseases are most affected by pruning and characterize class "forgettability" based on disease frequency and co-occurrence behavior. Further, we identify individual CXRs where uncompressed and heavily pruned models disagree, known as pruning-identified exemplars (PIEs), and conduct a human reader study to evaluate their unifying qualities. We find that radiologists perceive PIEs as having more label noise, lower image quality, and higher diagnosis difficulty. This work represents a first step toward understanding the impact of pruning on model behavior in deep long-tailed, multi-label medical image classification. All code, model weights, and data access instructions can be found at https://github.com/VITA-Group/PruneCXR.Comment: Early accepted to MICCAI 202

Patterns of change and stability in the gender division of household labour in Australia, 1986-1997

Recent research in Australia and overseas has suggested that we are witnessing a convergence of men's and women's time on domestic labour activities. But there is disagreement about whether this is due to women reducing their time on housework or men increasing their time on housework. This article addresses these issues using national survey data collected in Australia in 1986, 1993 and 1997. The results show some changes in the proportional responsibilities of men and women in the home with men reporting a greater share of traditional indoor activities. But overall both men and women are spending less time on housework. In particular, women's time on housework has declined by six hours per week since 1986. Hence, while the gender gap between men's and women's involvement in the home is getting smaller, it is not the result of men increasing their share of the load, but is due to the large decline in women's time spent on domestic labour. There is also evidence of change in the relationship. between paid and unpaid work for women. Women's hours of,paid labour had a greater impact on their involvement in domestic labour in 1997 compared to a decade earlier. The article concludes that women's increased labour force involvement in combination with changing patterns and styles, of consumption is leading to some changes in the gender-division:of household labour, but not in the direction anticipated by earlier commentators on the domestic division of labour

Turned on, tuned in or dropped out?: Young children's use of television and transmission of social advantage

There has been, and is, much talk about how children today have been born into a world of new, digital media. In contrast to their parents-who have been described as 'digital immigrants' because they have had to assimilate to the newly developed electronic environment-these children have been described as 'digital native'. They have never known a world before digital technology. However, despite this breathless talk, it is not until children are well into their teens that their engagement with this new media rivals the time devoted to the older medium-television (Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2009). Nor is it clear that the era of broadcast television has come to an end (Hartley, 2004) and that television is metaphorically 'dead'. At least one television set is found in 99% of Australian households, and nearly half (48%) of all private dwellings not only have two or more televisions, but all these sets are on standby and ready to use. Access to a DVD player or recorder is also very high, with this device found in 88% of Australian homes (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2008a). Australian adults spend, on average, about 2 hours and 46 minutes per day watching television as a main activity or have it running in the background while they do something else (ABS, 2008b; authors' own calculations). Consequently, television is likely to be an integral part of most Australian children's experiences of growing up

Turned on, tuned in or dropped out? Young children’s use of television and transmission of social advantage

A study of young children’s TV use by the Australian Institute of Family Studies and the University of New England has found that disadvantaged children are watching more television than children in families from higher socio-economic backgrounds.  The report of the study appears as Chapter 5 in "The longitudinal study of Australian children: Annual statistical report 2011". The research also found that the higher a family’s socio-economic position, the higher the chances that their child would be read a story and the more likely it was that when stories were read, the activity would last for longer. Among the most disadvantaged families 41-47 per cent of children were not read to at all, compared to only 15-22 percent of children in the most advantaged families

Food and More: Expanding the Movement for the Trump Era It’s time to apply the energy of the food movement to preserving our democracy

How can the food movement best navigate this treacherous new environment? Two years ago, we outlined the need for a national food policy, a critical yardstick in determining whether legislation helps or harms farmers, eaters, the land, animals, and more. This remains an important long-term goal, but right now the most pressing work is to join forces with other progressive groups in a more immediate cause: protecting the disadvantaged and defending democracy. This article can also be found here, which is through the civil eats blog

It's time to apply the energy of the food movement to preserving our democracy

After Donald Trump’s victory last November, we put out a call for brief essays examining what happened, what’s likely to happen, and what policymakers and advocates can do to keep pushing forward. The response was extraordinary. We received thought provoking submissions on a number of important topics, including antitrust, trade policy, food safety, and labor, among others. Instead of running a standard issue comprised of legal articles—with essays as an accompaniment—we decided to reverse the format and devote the bulk of this issue to these essays. The result is a penetrating and timely look at the state of food law and policy from some of the field’s most accomplished scholars, practitioners, and advocates

Costs of ammonia abatement: summary, conclusions and policy context

This chapter summarises the information in the preceding chapters, which builds on the outcomes of an Expert Workshop held by the UNECE Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen in October 2010 in Paris, France, which examined the state-of-the-art regarding abatement measures for ammonia in agriculture. Cost information is provided by farm activity and abatement measure, including a discussion on integrated nitrogen management at the farm scale. The chapter also reports the conclusions of the Expert Workshop, noting the finding that in many cases the costs for the abatement techniques were cheaper than previously estimated. Wider policy contexts of the information are explored, including identifying priority measures for ammonia abatement and links to Annex IX of the Gothenburg Protocol