Global material flow analysis of glass: From raw materials to end of life

Abstract: Global glass production grew to 150 million tonnes (Mt) in 2014, equating to approximately 21 kg per person. Producing this glass is energy intensive and contributes annual CO2 emissions of some 86Mt. An accurate map of the global glass supply chain is needed to help identify emissions mitigation options from across the supply chain, including process energy efficiency and material efficiency options. This map does not yet exist, so we address this knowledge gap by tracing the production chain from raw materials to end of life and producing a global Sankey diagram of container and flat glass making for 2014. To understand future demand for flat glass we also model the stocks of glass in vehicles and buildings. The analysis shows the relative scale of glass flows and stocks worldwide and provides a baseline for future study of the emission mitigation potential of energy and material efficiency of manufacturing with glass

Pairing Quality and Quantity in a Mass Balance of Water in California

Whether there is enough water in California to meet the needs of residents, businesses, agriculture, and the natural environment, now and in the future, is important to Californians. One of the tools used to assess water availability in California is the water budget, which quantifies how much water enters and leaves the state, and how it is used or stored each year. While this information is useful for tracking quantity, it does not provide any information regarding the quality of the water. The objective of this thesis is to determine whether a method can be established for defining the quality of the water in a water budget in California. To do so requires determining whether a method can be established for creating a scale of water quality using the applicable water quality definitions for the types of water in a water budget in California. That requires determining how water quality is defined. This thesis introduces a six-step method for creating a scale of water quality categories that includes water found in both the natural and built environments in California. The method involves: selecting a geographical context; collecting water quality data applicable to the selected location; compiling water quality parameter data; organising water quality parameters in a matrix; ordering the rows of water quality parameter data values to form categories of water quality; and documenting data sources and notes. This thesis also introduces a seven-step method for creating a water budget, in the form of a modified mass flow diagram, that depicts the quality of each quantity of water. The method involves: delineating the system boundary for the water balance: selecting the water budget time period to be used for analysis; collecting water quantity data applicable to the selected system boundary and time period; drawing a modified mass flow diagram; selecting and assigning a colour code to the selected water quality scale; applying the colour code representing water quality to the modified mass flow diagram; and ordering diagram slices by level of water quality. The findings indicate that a water budget that includes water quality allows for areas of more efficient use, alternatives to over-extraction, and opportunities for reuse to be identified. Viewing the quantities and qualities depicted together on the same graphic allows like quantities and qualities to be matched, revealing opportunities for meeting demand using different water sources. Adding water quality to water budgets may not only show areas where there is room for improvement, but also depict areas where there are resources and opportunities that might not have been visually obvious from a table of numbers.Hughes Hall, Cambridge Universit

Pazopanib and Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis

Background: The VEGF inhibitor pazopanib is a widely used first-line therapy for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Potential drug-drug interactions and toxicities may be underrecognized. Case Presentation: A 73-year-old woman with metastatic renal cell carcinoma on treatment with pazopanib presented with progressive inability to ambulate. The initial concern was for metastasis to the spine. However, MRI of the spine revealed diffuse muscle edema with no metastatic deposits or lytic lesions. Upon further evaluation, creatine kinase was significantly elevated and the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was made. With aggressive hydration and discontinuation of both pazopanib and rosuvastatin, the patient made a full recovery. Conclusion: This case of drug-induced rhabdomyolysis demonstrates an unexpected toxicity resulting from concomitant pazopanib and rosuvastatin therapy. This combination is predicted to be safe due to different, nonoverlapping effects on the cytochrome p450 enzymes. Discontinuation of statin therapy in patients with metastatic cancer should be considered when the risk of cancer-related death exceeds the risk of cardiovascular-related death

Global material flow analysis of glass: From raw materials to end of life

Abstract: Global glass production grew to 150 million tonnes (Mt) in 2014, equating to approximately 21 kg per person. Producing this glass is energy intensive and contributes annual CO2 emissions of some 86Mt. An accurate map of the global glass supply chain is needed to help identify emissions mitigation options from across the supply chain, including process energy efficiency and material efficiency options. This map does not yet exist, so we address this knowledge gap by tracing the production chain from raw materials to end of life and producing a global Sankey diagram of container and flat glass making for 2014. To understand future demand for flat glass we also model the stocks of glass in vehicles and buildings. The analysis shows the relative scale of glass flows and stocks worldwide and provides a baseline for future study of the emission mitigation potential of energy and material efficiency of manufacturing with glass

Flipping STEM

This chapter contains case studies from stem content areas. Case studies in this chapter focus on the concept of discovery learning, incorporate constructivist principles, but also constructionist theories. Several cases reference the tradition of apprenticeship and research that shows the value of project work as a means to highlight the iterative nature of design, while maximizing in-class time with active learning through collaborative activities and personalized instruction. Each case study opens with the instructional context and a rationale for flipping the classroom. The case-study authors also describe the structure of the course, as well as descriptions about how they prepared their students for flipping, and an evaluation of the flipping experience from both the instructor and student perspectives