Allelic Diversity of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DRB Gene in Indian Cattle and Buffalo

The present study was conducted to study the diversity of MHC-DRB3 alleles in Indian cattle and buffalo breeds. Previously reported BoLA-DRB exon 2 alleles of Indian Zebu cattle, Bos taurus cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats were analyzed for the identities and divergence among various allele sequences. Comparison of predicted amino acid residues of DRB3 exon 2 alleles with similar alleles from other ruminants revealed considerable congruence in amino acid substitution pattern. These alleles showed a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid polymorphism at positions forming peptide-binding regions. A higher rate of nonsynonymous substitution was detected at the peptide-binding regions, indicating that BoLA-DRB3 allelic sequence evolution was driven by positive selection

Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Collaborative Model of CNN with IoMT

The cause of blindness that primarily affects middle-aged adults is diabetic retinopathy (DR), due to excessive blood sugar levels. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is capable to collect Diabetic Retinopathy-related information remotely using CAD (Computer-aided diagnostic) systems and provide patients with convincing information. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to identify and categorize the severity of DR fundus images to prevent a diabetic sufferer from going blind. Thus, this paper developed a unique Diabetic Retinopathy Segmentation (DRS) system by fusing the Deep Learning model with optimization techniques. The preprocessing phase of this system is considered to remove noise from the edges. Next, the usable region from the images is extracted using the increasing region segmentation through K-mean clustering. The characteristics of the Area of Interest (AOI) are then extracted and classified into four severity levels using the suggested Hybrid Genetic and Ant Colony Optimization (HGACO) algorithm with the help of a pertained CNN model, Residual Neural Network (RESnet). Additionally, the test of statistical significance evaluates the DRS system’s Segmentation accuracy. The suggested Diabetic Retinopathy System achieves improved categorization outcomes, with sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity numbers

Machine learning-empowered sleep staging classification using multi-modality signals

Abstract The goal is to enhance an automated sleep staging system's performance by leveraging the diverse signals captured through multi-modal polysomnography recordings. Three modalities of PSG signals, namely electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG), were considered to obtain the optimal fusions of the PSG signals, where 63 features were extracted. These include frequency-based, time-based, statistical-based, entropy-based, and non-linear-based features. We adopted the ReliefF (ReF) feature selection algorithms to find the suitable parts for each signal and superposition of PSG signals. Twelve top features were selected while correlated with the extracted feature sets' sleep stages. The selected features were fed into the AdaBoost with Random Forest (ADB + RF) classifier to validate the chosen segments and classify the sleep stages. This study's experiments were investigated by obtaining two testing schemes: epoch-wise testing and subject-wise testing. The suggested research was conducted using three publicly available datasets: ISRUC-Sleep subgroup1 (ISRUC-SG1), sleep-EDF(S-EDF), Physio bank CAP sleep database (PB-CAPSDB), and S-EDF-78 respectively. This work demonstrated that the proposed fusion strategy overestimates the common individual usage of PSG signals

Screening of Riboflavin-Producing Lactobacilli by a Polymerase-Chain-Reaction-Based Approach and Microbiological Assay

Riboflavin has an important role in various cellular metabolic activities through its participation in oxidation–reduction reactions. In this study, as many as 60 lactobacilli were screened for the presence or absence of riboflavin biosynthesis genes and riboflavin production. Of these, only 14 strains were able to grow in a commercial riboflavin-free medium. We observed that the presence of riboflavin biosynthesis genes is strain-specific across different species of lactobacilli. The microbiological assay was found to be appreciably reproducible, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive and, hence, can be employed for screening the riboflavin-producing strains. The study thus represents a convenient and efficient method for selection of novel riboflavin producers. These riboflavin⁺ strains thus identified and characterized could be explored as potent candidates for the development of a wide range of dairy- and cereal-based foods for the delivery of <i>in situ</i> riboflavin to consumers

Insight into Buffalo (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>) RIG1 and MDA5 Receptors: A Comparative Study on dsRNA Recognition and <i>In-Vitro</i> Antiviral Response

<div><p>RIG1 and MDA5 have emerged as important intracellular innate pattern recognition receptors that recognize viral RNA and mediate cellular signals controlling Type I interferon (IFN-I) response. Buffalo RIG1 and MDA5 genes were investigated to understand the mechanism of receptor induced antiviral response. Sequence analysis revealed that RIG1 and MDA5 maintain a domain arrangement that is common in mammals. Critical binding site residues of the receptors are evolutionary conserved among mammals. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that RIG1 and MDA5 follow a similar, if not identical, dsRNA binding pattern that has been previously reported in human. Moreover, binding free energy calculation revealed that MDA5 had a greater affinity towards dsRNA compared to RIG1. Constitutive expressions of RLR genes were ubiquitous in different tissues without being specific to immune organs. Poly I:C stimulation induced elevated expressions of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) through interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) mediated pathway in buffalo foetal fibroblast cells. The present study provides crucial insights into the structure and function of RIG1 and MDA5 receptors in buffalo.</p></div

Constitutive protein expression levels of buffalo RIG1 and MDA5 in different tissues.

<p>Imuunohistochemical localization of RIG1 and MDA5 were detected in thin tissue sections using specific antibodies with DAB (3,3′-Diaminobenzidine) as substrate. Counterstaining was performed with Mayer’s haematoxylin.</p