Production economics of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) in Salyan district of Nepal

This study investigates the economics of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) production in the Salyan district of Nepal. The production economics was assessed by the household survey in purposively selected Sharada municipality and Siddhakumakh Rural Municipalities. The semi-structured interview schedule was administered to interview randomly selected forty-three producers from Sharada Municipality and thirty-one producers from Siddhakumakh Rural Municipality. The results indicated that the ginger production was found to be a profitable enterprise in the study area with an average B:C ratio of 1.55. The overall productivity of ginger in the study area was found to be 16.28 MT/ha. The Cobb-Douglas production function indicates that ginger production exhibited increasing returns to scale at a decreasing rate. The regression function of 0.784 implies that if all the inputs specified in the production function are increased by 100%, the gross return will increase by about 78.4%

Labor Migration and Agricultural Production in Nepal

Continued migration from rural areas and the associated growth in remittance inflows are changing basic characteristics of Nepal’s agrarian economy. Using cross-sectional household survey data covering agricultural production during the 2013 growing season, this thesis investigates the linkages between migration and agricultural production in twenty districts of Nepal. This study focuses on understanding what household and farm characteristics are associated with migration decisions and destination choices using multinomial logit model. I also gauge the impact of labor migration and remittance receipts on maize yield and input levels. Results reveal that the households highly dependent on agriculture have a higher likelihood of migrating to India and other international destinations. The probability of migration to India and other countries increases by about 7 percent and 11 percent, respectively for highly agriculture-dependent households. A unit increase in land ownership increases the probability of staying at the place of origin by about 16 percent. Rural households tend to migrate within Nepal and to India while urban households prefer migrating to other countries. Higher maize yields are associated with households that have migrants within Nepal. Households that have migrants in countries beyond India have higher costs of maize production but without additional yield gains. Results reveal that, among households in the sample, spending on inputs for maize crop production is not strongly related to remittances. These results help to understand migration decisions and destination choices, as well as the impacts of these on spending for crop production. The findings can help inform agricultural and migration policies in Nepal

Linear algebra

Beginning with the basic concepts of vector spaces such as linear independence, basis and dimension, quotient space, linear transformation and duality with an exposition of the theory of linear operators on a finite dimensional vector space, this book includes the concept of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalization, triangulation and Jordan and rational canonical forms. Inner product spaces which cover finite dimensional spectral theory and an elementary theory of bilinear forms are also discussed. This new edition of the book incorporates the rich feedback of its readers. We have added new subject matter in the text to make the book more comprehensive. Many new examples have been discussed to illustrate the text. More exercises have been included. We have taken care to arrange the exercises in increasing order of difficulty. There is now a new section of hints for almost all exercises, except those which are straightforward, to enhance their importance for individual study and for classroom use