Addressing Childhood Overweight through Schools

Rates of childhood obesity in have reached alarming proportions in many countries. Sixteen percent of school-aged children and adolescents in the US are overweight. Legislation implemented in 2004 in the US requires local education agencies (LEAs) that sponsor school meal programs to establish local wellness policies to address childhood obesity. Project PA, a collaboration between a state agency and a university providing school-based interventions focuses on the school environment and policy changes. Interventions have targeted foodservice personnel, administrators, teachers, parents and students. In two recent projects schools assessed their school nutrition environments, developed nutrition policies, and implemented strategies to encourage healthier food selections. Schools identified weaknesses in the areas of marketing and communication of policies. Media attention on the childhood obesity facilitated policy changes. Time and cost were identified as barriers to policy development and there were concerns about weak enforcement of policies. These themes are discussed

Systematic Errors in the Hubble Constant Based on Measurement of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect

Values of the Hubble constant reported to date which are based on measurement of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect in clusters of galaxies are systematically lower than those derived by other methods (e.g., Cepheid variable stars, or the Tully-Fisher relation). We investigate the possibility that systematic errors may be introduced into the analysis by the generally adopted assumptions that observed clusters are in hydrostatic equilibrium, are spherically symmetric, and are isothermal. We construct self-consistent theoretical models of merging clusters of galaxies using hydrodynamical/N-body simulations. We then compute the magnitude of Ho derived from the SZ effect at different times and at different projection angles both from first principles, and by applying each of the standard assumptions used in the interpretation of observations. Our results indicate that the assumption of isothermality in the evolving clusters can result in Ho being underestimated by 10-30% depending on both epoch and projection angle. Moreover, use of the projected, emission-weighted temperature profile under the assumption of spherical symmetry does not significantly improve the situation except in the case of more extreme mergers (i.e., those involving relatively gas-rich subclusters).Comment: 31 pages, Latex, 2 tables, 10 postscript figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ, scheduled for June 20, 199

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