Investigation of ancient gold objects from Artemision at Ephesus using portable µ-XRF

During two measurement campaigns in the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul and the Ephesus Museum in Selçuk, Turkey, more than 80 ancient gold objects (e.g. appliqués, statuettes and coins) from the 8th-6th centuries BC were analyzed using portable XRF instruments in order to obtain information on the chemical composition and homogeneity of the artefacts discovered during excavations in the sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesus. These results and complementary studies on the manufacturing techniques employed for making these objects will contribute to our knowledge of metalworking, trade, as well as the transfer of ideas and technologies at Ephesus and in Western Asia in the Archaic period. The objects can be characterized as homogeneous alloys, mainly consisting of gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu). A high compositional variation of Au and Ag between different objects could be determined (Au between 48.7 and 99.9%, Ag between <detection limit (dl) and 50.9%, Cu between <dl and 4.4%). These results demonstrated the range of gold alloys represented within the collection and allowed a discrimination between natural and artificial gold alloys (including the identification of ‘refined’ gold). In some cases, objects which were closely related from a typological, stylistic and/or technological point of view were also similar in composition, differing only in the sub-percent range.Plus de 80 objets anciens en or (p.ex. appliques, statuettes et monnaies) datés du viiie-vie siècle av. J.-C. et trouvés lors des fouilles du sanctuaire d’Artémise à Ephèse, ont été analysés au moyen d’un équipement de FX portable pendant les deux campagnes de mesure réalisées au musée archéologique d’Istanbul et au musée d’Ephèse à Selçuk, Turquie, de façon à obtenir des informations sur leur composition chimique et sur leur homogénéité. Ces résultats, complémentés par des études sur leurs techniques de fabrication, contribuent à la connaissance du travail du métal, de son commerce, ainsi que du transfert d’idées et technologies à Ephèse et dans l’Asie de l’Ouest pendant la période Archaïque. Les objets ont été fabriqués avec des alliages homogènes, se composant en majorité d’or (Au), argent (Ag) et cuivre (Cu). Une forte variation de teneurs a pu être mise en évidence pour l’Au et l’Ag dans le cas de différents objets (Au entre 48,7 and 99,9 %, Ag entre < limite de détection (dl) et 509 %, Cu entre < dl et 4,4 %). Ces résultats montrent la gamme d’alliages d’or de la collection et permettent de discriminer entre alliages d’or naturels et artificiels (en incluant l’identification d’or « affiné »). Dans certains cas d’objets de typologie, style et/or techniques de fabrication proches, leurs compositions sont identiques, la différence n’apparaissant qu’au niveau du sous-pourcent

The Turkey Ig-like receptor family: identification, expression and function.

The chicken leukocyte receptor complex located on microchromosome 31 encodes the chicken Ig-like receptors (CHIR), a vastly expanded gene family which can be further divided into three subgroups: activating CHIR-A, bifunctional CHIR-AB and inhibitory CHIR-B. Here, we investigated the presence of CHIR homologues in other bird species. The available genome databases of turkey, duck and zebra finch were screened with different strategies including BLAST searches employing various CHIR sequences, and keyword searches. We could not identify CHIR homologues in the distantly related zebra finch and duck, however, several partial and complete sequences of CHIR homologues were identified on chromosome 3 of the turkey genome. They were designated as turkey Ig-like receptors (TILR). Using cDNA derived from turkey blood and spleen RNA, six full length TILR could be amplified and further divided according to the typical sequence features into one activating TILR-A, one inhibitory TILR-B and four bifunctional TILR-AB. Since the TILR-AB sequences all displayed the critical residues shown to be involved in binding to IgY, we next confirmed the IgY binding using a soluble TILR-AB1-huIg fusion protein. This fusion protein reacted with IgY derived from various gallinaceous birds, but not with IgY from other bird species. Finally, we tested various mab directed against CHIR for their crossreactivity with either turkey or duck leukocytes. Whereas no staining was detectable with duck cells, the CHIR-AB1 specific mab 8D12 and the CHIR-A2 specific mab 13E2 both reacted with a leukocyte subpopulation that was further identified as thrombocytes by double immunofluorescence employing B-cell, T-cell and thrombocyte specific reagents. In summary, although the turkey harbors similar LRC genes as the chicken, their distribution seems to be distinct with predominance on thrombocytes rather than lymphocytes

Modeling of GERDA Phase II data

The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory (LNGS) of INFN is searching for neutrinoless double-beta ($0\nu\beta\beta$) decay of $^{76}$Ge. The technological challenge of GERDA is to operate in a "background-free" regime in the region of interest (ROI) after analysis cuts for the full 100$\,$kg$\cdot$yr target exposure of the experiment. A careful modeling and decomposition of the full-range energy spectrum is essential to predict the shape and composition of events in the ROI around $Q_{\beta\beta}$ for the $0\nu\beta\beta$ search, to extract a precise measurement of the half-life of the double-beta decay mode with neutrinos ($2\nu\beta\beta$) and in order to identify the location of residual impurities. The latter will permit future experiments to build strategies in order to further lower the background and achieve even better sensitivities. In this article the background decomposition prior to analysis cuts is presented for GERDA Phase II. The background model fit yields a flat spectrum in the ROI with a background index (BI) of $16.04^{+0.78}_{-0.85} \cdot 10^{-3}\,$cts/(kg$\cdot$keV$\cdot$yr) for the enriched BEGe data set and $14.68^{+0.47}_{-0.52} \cdot 10^{-3}\,$cts/(kg$\cdot$keV$\cdot$yr) for the enriched coaxial data set. These values are similar to the one of Gerda Phase I despite a much larger number of detectors and hence radioactive hardware components

Modeling of GERDA Phase II data

The GERmanium Detector Array (Gerda) experiment at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory (LNGS) of INFN is searching for neutrinoless double-beta (0νββ) decay of 76Ge. The technological challenge of Gerda is to operate in a “background-free” regime in the region of interest (ROI) after analysis cuts for the full 100 kg·yr target exposure of the experiment. A careful modeling and decomposition of the full-range energy spectrum is essential to predict the shape and composition of events in the ROI around Qββ for the 0νββ search, to extract a precise measurement of the half-life of the double-beta decay mode with neutrinos (2νββ) and in order to identify the location of residual impurities. The latter will permit future experiments to build strategies in order to further lower the background and achieve even better sensitivities. In this article the background decomposition prior to analysis cuts is presented for Gerda Phase II. The background model fit yields a flat spectrum in the ROI with a background index (BI) of 16.04+0.78−0.85⋅10−3 cts/(keV·kg·yr) for the enriched BEGe data set and 14.68+0.47−0.52⋅10−3 cts/(keV·kg·yr) for the enriched coaxial data set. These values are similar to the one of Phase I despite a much larger number of detectors and hence radioactive hardware components

Cortical thickness and resting-state cardiac function across the lifespan: a cross-sectional pooled mega analysis

Understanding the association between autonomic nervous system [ANS] function and brain morphology across the lifespan provides important insights into neurovisceral mechanisms underlying health and disease. Resting state ANS activity, indexed by measures of heart rate [HR] and its variability [HRV] has been associated with brain morphology, particularly cortical thickness [CT]. While findings have been mixed regarding the anatomical distribution and direction of the associations, these inconsistencies may be due to sex and age differences in HR/HRV and CT. Previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes, which impede the assessment of sex differences and aging effects on the association between ANS function and CT. To overcome these limitations, 20 groups worldwide contributed data collected under similar protocols of CT assessment and HR/HRV recording to be pooled in a mega-analysis (N = 1,218 (50.5% female), mean age 36.7 years (range: 12-87)). Findings suggest a decline in HRV as well as CT with increasing age. CT, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex, explained additional variance in HRV, beyond the effects of aging. This pattern of results may suggest that the decline in HRV with increasing age is related to a decline in orbitofrontal CT. These effects were independent of sex and specific to HRV; with no significant association between CT and HR. Greater CT across the adult lifespan may be vital for the maintenance of healthy cardiac regulation via the ANS – or greater cardiac vagal activity as indirectly reflected in HRV may slow brain atrophy. Findings reveal an important association between cortical thickness and cardiac parasympathetic activity with implications for healthy aging and longevity that should be studied further in longitudinal research

Dairy farmers’ support of horizontal cooperation among dairy processors: Conceptual model and empirical test

Small dairy cooperatives can improve their economic performance through horizontal cooperation, e.g., in joint milk collection. The approval of such a strategy by cooperative members, however, is at risk given an increasing erosion of collective action commitment documented in the literature. This paper strives to explain members’ decision to approve or disapprove of dairy cooperatives’ joint milk collection. We draw not only on economic theory, but also include psychological and sociological logics. Farmers’ decision is modeled by means of a discrete choice experiment. Relevant attitudes and relationship quality are measured using extant scales. The model is then tested on data collected from members of two dairy cooperatives. A multinomial logit regression is performed to explain farmers answering patterns, where we distinguish between Always Supporters, Selective Deciders, and Never Supporters. The multinomial logit regression to explain farmers’ specific response behavior to the proposed alternative optimization models in the discrete choice experiment reveals that especially the never- and always-supporters can be meaningfully distinguished by their levels of social interaction with other members, Supplier Relationship Quality with the cooperative, and attitude towards the project. Frequent Coop Member Interaction and Supplier Relationship Quality are both associated with an increase in the relative-risk ratios of belonging to the group of Never Supporters, whereas Attitude towards Project and Attitude towards Climate Change are associated with a decrease in the relative-risk ratios of belonging to that group. Overall, the study hints at the necessity to take into account farmers’ attitudes towards proposed strategies, but also their relationship with the cooperative, in order to predict and probably influence their decisions. For the latter, this study provides insights as to the relevance of social interaction among members, which could be exploited in member management

A study on the variation of nutritional profiles of seaweeds along the Senegalese coast

International audienc

A study on the variation of nutritional profiles of seaweeds along the Senegalese coast

International audienc

A study on the variation of nutritional profiles of seaweeds along the Senegalese coast

International audienc