FAIR: Frequency-aware Image Restoration for Industrial Visual Anomaly Detection

Image reconstruction-based anomaly detection models are widely explored in industrial visual inspection. However, existing models usually suffer from the trade-off between normal reconstruction fidelity and abnormal reconstruction distinguishability, which damages the performance. In this paper, we find that the above trade-off can be better mitigated by leveraging the distinct frequency biases between normal and abnormal reconstruction errors. To this end, we propose Frequency-aware Image Restoration (FAIR), a novel self-supervised image restoration task that restores images from their high-frequency components. It enables precise reconstruction of normal patterns while mitigating unfavorable generalization to anomalies. Using only a simple vanilla UNet, FAIR achieves state-of-the-art performance with higher efficiency on various defect detection datasets. Code: https://github.com/liutongkun/FAIR.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure

Virus-Like Particles of SARS-Like Coronavirus Formed by Membrane Proteins from Different Origins Demonstrate Stimulating Activity in Human Dendritic Cells

The pathogenesis of SARS coronavirus (CoV) remains poorly understood. In the current study, two recombinant baculovirus were generated to express the spike (S) protein of SARS-like coronavirus (SL-CoV) isolated from bats (vAcBS) and the envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins of SARS-CoV, respectively. Co-infection of insect cells with these two recombinant baculoviruses led to self-assembly of virus-like particles (BVLPs) as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Incorporation of S protein of vAcBS (BS) into VLPs was confirmed by western blot and immunogold labeling. Such BVLPs up-regulated the level of CD40, CD80, CD86, CD83, and enhanced the secretion of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in immature dendritic cells (DCs). Immune responses were compared in immature DCs inoculated with BVLPs or with VLPs formed by S, E and M proteins of human SARS-CoV. BVLPs showed a stronger ability to stimulate DCs in terms of cytokine induction as evidenced by 2 to 6 fold higher production of IL-6 and TNF-α. Further study indicated that IFN-γ+ and IL-4+ populations in CD4+ T cells increased upon co-cultivation with DCs pre-exposed with BVLPs or SARS-CoV VLPs. The observed difference in DC-stimulating activity between BVLPs and SARS CoV VLPs was very likely due to the S protein. In agreement, SL-CoV S DNA vaccine evoked a more vigorous antibody response and a stronger T cell response than SARS-CoV S DNA in mice. Our data have demonstrated for the first time that SL-CoV VLPs formed by membrane proteins of different origins, one from SL-CoV isolated from bats (BS) and the other two from human SARS-CoV (E and M), activated immature DCs and enhanced the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and the secretion of cytokines. Finding in this study may provide important information for vaccine development as well as for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-like CoV

Effect of Synthesis Factors on Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of FeTe₂ Prepared by Solid-State Reaction

The alloying compound FeTe2 is a semi-metallic material with low thermal conductivity and has the potential to become a thermoelectric material. Single-phase FeTe2 compounds are synthesized using a two-step sintering method, and the effects of the optimal sintering temperature, holding temperature, and holding time on the thermoelectric properties of the alloy compound FeTe2 are investigated. The phase composition, microstructure, and electrical transport properties of the FeTe2 compound are systematically analyzed. The results show that single-phase FeTe2 compounds can be synthesized within the range of a sintering temperature of 823 K and holding time of 10~60 min, and the thermoelectric properties gradually deteriorate with the prolongation of the holding time. Microstructural analysis reveals that the sample of the alloy compound FeTe2 exhibits a three-dimensional network structure with numerous fine pores, which can impede thermal conduction and thus reduce the overall thermal conductivity of the material. When the sintering temperature is 823 K and the holding time is 30 min, the sample achieves the minimum electrical resistivity of 6.9 mΩ·cm. The maximum Seebeck coefficient of 65.48 μV/K is obtained when the sample is held at 823 K for 10 min; and under this condition, the maximum power factor of 59.54 μW/(m·K2) is achieved. In the whole test temperature range of 323~573 K, when the test temperature of the sample is 375 K, the minimum thermal conductivity is 1.46 W/(m·K), and the maximum ZT is 1.57 × 10−2

A Multitemporal and Multilevel Land Surface Temperature Regional Attribute Change Analysis in Henan, China, Using MODIS Imagery

Temperature is an important aspect of land–atmosphere studies and plays a key role in urban environmental change. With the continuous development of satellite remote sensing sensors, remote sensing technology has become an important means of obtaining large-scale land surface temperature (LST) data. LST can be calculated from the thermal infrared band data of remote sensing images to analyze changes in temperature and determine its relationship with the surface type. In this study, a multitemporal multilevel (MTML) method for analyzing remotely sensed LST data is presented that analyzes attribute changes and correlations of remotely sensed LST data in different periods and at different temperature levels. First, the LST data were obtained under the same climatic conditions at different times, and the influence of climatic conditions on the LST data was excluded. Threshold superposition analysis was then performed on the temperature data to generate temperature-connected regions of different levels, and a tree structure was constructed. Each node in the tree structure represented a connected region. Finally, the attribute information of different connected regions at different levels was calculated, and the attribute changes and correlations between different times and levels were analyzed. In this study, five MODIS LST datasets from 15 May 2006, 1 May 2010, 7 May 2014, 29 April 2017, and 8 May 2021 in Henan Province of China were obtained, and MTML analysis was carried out. The experimental results showed that a negative correlation exists between temperature and the vegetation index, while a positive correlation exists between temperature and the built-up index. However, with an increase in the temperature level, the correlation between temperature and the surface feature type index decreased. In addition, there were more concentrated high-temperature areas in the northern, central, and western regions of Henan Province and lower temperatures in the eastern and southern regions

Tropical Cyclone Temperature Profiles and Cloud Macro-/Micro-Physical Properties Based on AIRS Data

We used the observations from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard Aqua over the northwest Pacific Ocean from 2006–2015 to study the relationships between (i) tropical cyclone (TC) temperature structure and intensity and (ii) cloud macro-/micro-physical properties and TC intensity. TC intensity had a positive correlation with warm-core strength (correlation coefficient of 0.8556). The warm-core strength increased gradually from 1 K for tropical depression (TD) to >15 K for super typhoon (Super TY). The vertical areas affected by the warm core expanded as TC intensity increased. The positive correlation between TC intensity and warm-core height was slightly weaker. The warm-core heights for TD, tropical storm (TS), and severe tropical storm (STS) were concentrated between 300 and 500 hPa, while those for typhoon (TY), severe typhoon (STY), and Super TY varied from 200 to 350 hPa. Analyses of the cloud macro-/micro-physical properties showed that the top of TC cloud systems mainly consisted of ice clouds. For TCs of all intensities, areas near the TC center showed lower cloud-top pressures and lower cloud-top temperatures, more cloud fractions, and larger ice-cloud effective diameters. With the increase in TC intensity, the levels of ice clouds around the TC center became higher and the spiral cloud-rain bands became larger. When a TC developed into a TY, STY, or Super TY, the convection in the clouds was stronger, releasing more heat, thus forming a much warmer warm core

Machine Learning Models Combined with Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking to Predict Human Topoisomerase I Inhibitors

In this work, random forest (RF), support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor and C4.5 decision tree, were used to establish classification models for predicting whether an unknown molecule is an inhibitor of human topoisomerase I (Top1) protein. All these models have achieved satisfactory results, with total prediction accuracies from 89.70% to 97.12%. Through comparative analysis, it can be found that the RF model has the best forecasting effect. The parameters were further optimized to generate the best-performing RF model. At the same time, features selection was implemented to choose properties most relevant to the inhibition of Top1 from 189 molecular descriptors through a special RF procedure. Subsequently, a ligand-based virtual screening was performed from the Maybridge database by the optimal RF model and 596 hits were picked out. Then, 67 molecules with relative probability scores over 0.7 were selected based on the screening results. Next, the 67 molecules above were docked to Top1 using AutoDock Vina. Finally, six top-ranked molecules with binding energies less than −10.0 kcal/mol were screened out and a common backbone, which is entirely different from that of existing Top1 inhibitors reported in the literature, was found

PVP-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Bi2O2Se Nanosheets for Self-Powered Photodetector

Abstract: Bi2O2Se nanosheets were successfully synthesized via a facile one-step PVP-assisted hydrothermal process for the first time. Corresponding characterizations, such as XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM, were carried out to investigate the formation of the products on the amount of PVP in the reaction system. Results revealed that the single-crystalline Bi2O2Se nanosheets with small mean lateral size of 176.3 nm were obtained when the amount of PVP is 0.75 g. Single-crystalline Bi2O2Se nanosheets self-powered photodetector exhibited excellent photodetection performance, superior to that of self-powered photodetectors based on the products synthesized without PVP and other nanomaterials. Under the illumination of 365 nm ultraviolet light, the rise time, responsivity and detectivity could approach up to 9 ms, 14.24 mA/W and 3.16×108 Jones, respectively. Bi2O2Se devices have high photoresponse even in the visible and near infrared bands due to its suitable band gap. The present work provides a novel preparation route of Bi2O2Se via hydrothermal method and PVP assisted synthesis of Bi2O2Se nanosheets is reported for the first time. Bi2O2Se nanosheets self-powered photodetector exhibited excellent photodetection performance and points out a direction for the evolution of self-powered photodetectors in the in the future

Self-Assembly Synthesis of the MoS2/PtCo Alloy Counter Electrodes for High-Efficiency and Stable Low-Cost Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

In this work, MoS2 microspheres/PtCo-alloy nanoparticles (MoS2/PtCo-alloy NPs) were composited via a novel and facile process which MoS2 is functionalized by poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) and self-assembled with PtCo-alloy NPs. This new composite shows excellent electrocatalytic activity and great potential for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as a counter electrode (CE) material. Benefiting from heterostructure and synergistic effects, the MoS2/PtCo-alloy NPs exhibit high electrocatalytic activity, low charge-transfer resistance and stability in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test. Meanwhile, a high power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.46% is achieved in DSSCs with MoS2/PtCo-alloy NP CEs, which are comparable to traditional Pt CEs (8.45%). This novel composite provides a new high-performance, stable and cheap choice for CEs in DSSCs

Synergistic organic dye degradation and hydrogen production using Bi2Te3/Te/C single-catalyst nanowires

Over-consumption of limited fossil fuels has caused serious environmental pollution and a global energy crisis, threatening human life and biodiversity. As an ideal, environmentally friendly renewable energy, hydrogen can satisfy human clean energy requirements. Therefore, whether hydrogen can be catalytically generated in the wastewater treatment process is a highly meaningful investigation. Herein, Bi2Te3/Te/C heterojunction nanowires with high specific surface area and rich pore structure were successfully synthesized. The efficient catalytic degradation process is accompanied by the generation of hydrogen. The catalytic degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange was achieved in less than 20 s and 150 s, respectively. Meanwhile, in scaled-up degradation/hydrogen production experiments, fast and efficient H2 production from NaBH4 can be realized in the presence of Bi2Te3/Te/C nanowires. The mechanism of efficient synergistic organic dye degradation and hydrogen production is due to the efficient carrier transfers and accumulation at the hetero-interface. In contrast to previous work, rapid degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production by decomposition of NaBH4 were achieved without the help of high-cost catalysts such as precious metals. This work could provide an alternative pathway for the future degradation of organic matter in synergistic heterogeneous catalytic wastewater and recovery of by-products including hydrogen

Acupuncture for Osteoporosis: a Review of Its Clinical and Preclinical Studies

Acupuncture has gained growing attention in the management of osteoporosis (OP). However, a comprehensive review has not yet been conducted on the efficacy and challenges of acupuncture in preliminary research and clinical trials. Therefore, an extensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), CNKI (www.cnki.net), and Web of Science, for studies published from the beginning of 2000 to the end of May 2022. Combinations of synonyms for OP, acupuncture, traditional Chinese medicine, clinical trial, preclinical study, and animal experiments were searched. A total of 290 papers were consulted, including 115 reviews, 109 clinical observations, and 66 preclinical studies. There is accumulating evidence to support the beneficial role of acupuncture in preserving bone quality and relieving clinical symptoms based on clinical and preclinical investigations. The top ten most commonly used acupoints are BL23, ST36, BL20, BL11, CV4, GV4, SP 6, KI3, BL18, and GB39. The underlying mechanisms behind the benefits of acupuncture may be linked with the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (adrenal) axis and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and OPG/RANKL/RANK signaling pathways. In summary, strong evidence may still come from prospective and well-designed clinical trials to shed light on the potential role of acupuncture in preserving bone loss. Future investigations are needed to explore the potential underlying mechanisms, long-term clinical efficacy, and compliance of acupuncture in OP management