Recurrent scrotal Arteriovenous Malformation as a Slowly Increasing Left Testicular Swelling: A case report

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are benign vascular lesions. Although, the majority of AVMs occur in the central nervous system, there are published reports of AVMs involving all systems including the scrotum, kidney, and uterus. Herein we report a case of 37 years old male presented with recurrent gradual scrotal swelling for 4 years attributed to scrotal AVM. Embolization was done but one year later his symptoms reoccurred. As a result, left partial scrotal wall excision was carried out without complications. Keywords: arteriovenous malformation, AVM, scrotal swelling, scrotal malformation

Public knowledge awareness and attitudes toward epilepsy in Al-Kharj Governorate Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most stigmatizing disorders. Stigmas and negative attitudes associating epilepsy are due to poor public awareness and knowledge. This study evaluated Saudi public Knowledge, awareness, and attitude towards epilepsy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted during the period from September 16, 2014 to January 1st 2015. A 20-item questionnaire adapted from the literature was validated and distributed to 422 adults living in Al-Kharj governorate, and 22 participants were excluded as they have never heard or read about epilepsy. Results: About 94.79% of participants have heard or read about epilepsy, 63% of them knew someone with epilepsy, and 49.75% have witnessed a seizure attack. Seventy per cent of subjects thought that epilepsy is a neurological disease and 59% believed it is a brain disease. Almost 46.5% selected possession by demons or evil spirits and 51.25% cited envy or evil eye. More than half of subjects selected the medical treatment and follow-up as the most effective treatment of epilepsy. Rather, 41% believed in the faith healing. Most of respondents (81.5%) believed that epileptic children could be successful in normal classes. The vast majority agreed with that epileptic woman can get married and have children. Moreover, 65.25% would allow their offspring to play with epileptic persons and surprisingly, 59% would let their offspring marrying a person with epilepsy. As much as 82.75% agreed to work with epileptic persons and 85.5% would easily become a close friend of them. The equal job opportunity for epileptic and normal persons should be practiced to about 53.75% of subjects. The predictors of good knowledge, limited misconception, and positive attitudes were female gender, being a relative of an epileptic person, and having high educational level. Conclusion: The public knowledge, awareness of and attitudes toward epilepsy were acceptable with regard to this study. However, the negative attitudes and misconceptions still exist