Stable and Accurate Estimation of SOC Using eXogenous Kalman Filter for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The state of charge (SOC) for a lithium-ion battery is a key index closely related to battery performance and safety with respect to the power supply system of electric vehicles. The Kalman filter (KF) or extended KF (EKF) is normally employed to estimate SOC in association with the relatively simple and fast second-order resistor-capacitor (RC) equivalent circuit model for SOC estimations. To improve the stability of SOC estimation, a two-stage method is developed by combining the second-order RC equivalent circuit model and the eXogenous Kalman filter (XKF) to estimate the SOC of a lithium-ion battery. First, approximate SOC estimation values are observed with relatively poor accuracy by a stable observer without considering parameter uncertainty. Second, the poor accuracy SOC results are further fed into XKF to obtain relative stable and accurate SOC estimation values. Experiments demonstrate that the SOC estimation results of the present method are superior to those of the commonly used EKF method. It is expected that the present two-stage XKF method will be useful for the stable and accurate estimation of SOC in the power supply system of electric vehicles

Effect of Rotation Speed and Flow Rate on Slip Factor in a Centrifugal Pump

This work analyzes the causes of the slip phenomenon in the impeller on the basis of the internal flow mechanism. Detailed optical measurements of the flow inside the rotation passages of a five-bladed centrifugal pump impeller are obtained through particle image velocimetry (PIV). On the basis of experimental data, the deviation coefficient of slip velocity is proposed and then revised according to the slip factor calculation formula of Stechkin. Results show that, at the same rotation speed, the slip factor increases with the flow rate and reaches the maximum value at 1.0 QBEP flow rate. At different rotation speeds, the slip factor increases with the rotation speed and shows a relatively large variation range. Moreover, a revised slip factor formula is proposed. The modified model is suitable for the correction of slip factor at part-load flow rates and serves as a guide for the hydraulic performance design and prediction of centrifugal pumps

A direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/SnS2 photocatalyst with superior visible-light CO2 reduction performance

Highlights - SnS2 quantum dots anchored in situ on g-C3N4 by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. - The internal electric field between g-C3N4 and SnS2 was confirmed. - Internal-electric-field-induced direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/SnS2 charge transfer for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. - In situ FTIR analysis further proved the suggested photocatalytic mechanism. Abstract Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to solar fuels is an ideal approach to simultaneously solve the global warming and energy crisis issues. Constructing a direct Z-scheme heterojunction is an effective way to overcome the drawbacks of single-component or conventional heterogeneous photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Here, a novel type of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/SnS2 heterojunction was constructed by depositing SnS2 quantum dots onto the g-C3N4 surface in situ via a simple one-step hydrothermal method. l-Cysteine not only acted as the sulfur source, but also grafted ammine groups onto g-C3N4 in the hydrothermal process, which greatly enhanced the CO2 uptake of the composite. XPS analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculation show that electron transfer occurred from g-C3N4 to SnS2, resulting in the formation of interfacial internal electric fields (IEF) between the two semiconductors at equilibrium. As a result, Z-scheme charge transfer took place under photoexcitation, with the electrons in SnS2 combining with the holes in g-C3N4, which improved the extraction and utilization of photoinduced electron in g-C3N4. The g-C3N4/SnS2 hybrid shows superior photocatalytic CO2 reduction as compared with individual g-C3N4 and SnS2, which should be attributed to the IEF-induced direct Z-scheme as well as improved CO2 adsorption capacity. In situ FTIR spectra illustrate that HCOOH appeared as an intermediate during the CO2 conversion, which can only be generated by g-C3N4 according to the energy level of the photoinduced electrons, further confirming the Z-scheme configuration for the g-C3N4/SnS2 system