Integrated Flush Air Data Sensing System Modeling for Planetary Entry Guidance with Direct Force Control

Flush air data sensing (FADS) systems have been previously used at both Earth and Mars to provide onboard estimates of angle of attack, sideslip angle, and dynamic pressure. However, these FADS data were often not used in an in-the-loop sense to inform the onboard guidance and control systems. A method to integrate FADS-derived density and wind estimates with a numerical predictor-corrector guidance algorithm is presented. The method is demonstrated in a high-fidelity simulation of a human-scale Mars entry vehicle that utilizes a hypersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator (HIAD) with direct force control. Effects on guidance commands and state uncertainties both with and without FADS system modeling are presented and discussed

Designing end use components for additive manufacturing: navigating an emerging field

Despite much excitement, research and development, Additive Manufacturing (AM) as a series production process for end-use components and products is not yet widespread or considered mainstream. However, there is a clear potential for AM to form a viable alternative to many conventional manufacturing processes, especially in low to medium production volumes. A key enabler for this transformation is the capacity to design components and products that are both able to exploit AM capabilities and avoid its limitations. In recent years, many studies have explored the topic of Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM). This report presents an overview of the state of the art of this research area. A systematic review has been carried out to identify the most significant academic studies on the topic. The review resulted in 66 key resources being identified and critically reviewed. These resources have been reviewed and categorised using a generic model of the design process. This categorisation provides and easy and immediate way to map and navigate this emerging field. Consequently, five major research areas are presented: 1. Process planning 2. Detail design 3. Embodiment design 4. Conceptual design 5. Design processes In the discussion, these research areas are examined with the aim of highlighting shortcomings and providing future research directions

DESIGNING END USE COMPONENTS FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Exploring experiences, knowledge and information requirements

The primary aim of this study was to develop an understanding of the experience, the current knowledge regarding the design of end-user components for series production in additive manufacturing (AM) and the information needs of designers involved in designing end-user components for AM. To achieve this, the survey intended to uncover the following aspects of the topic: 1. If and how frequently AM technologies are used by designers for series production of end-user components 2. To what extend designers have had experience of designing end-user components for AM 3. Which aspects are important when designing end-user components for additive 4. Why designers have or not have designed end-user components for series production in AM 5. How designers have learned how to design for AM and which resources they have used 6. What designers would like to know about Design for AM 7. How they prefer this information to be conveye

A framework for mapping design for additive manufacturing knowledge for industrial and product design

© 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) is a growing field of enquiry. Over the past few years, the scientific community has begun to explore this topic to provide a basis for supporting professional design practice. However, current knowledge is still largely fragmented, difficult to access and inconsistent in language and presentation. This paper seeks to collate and organise this dispersed but growing body of knowledge, using a single and coherent conceptual framework. The framework is based on a generic design process model and consists of five parts: Conceptual design, Embodiment design, Detail design and Process planning and Process selection. 81 articles on DfAM are mapped onto the framework to provide, for the first time, a clear summary of the state of the art across the whole design process. Nine directions for the future of DfAM research are then proposed

Investigation of design for additive manufacturing in professional design practice

© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies are widely adopted in design practice for prototyping. However, the extent to which practitioners are knowledgeable and experienced in designing components for series production using AM remains poorly understood. This study presents the results of an online survey aimed at uncovering this emerging design activity, with additional evidence provided by semi-structured interviews with 18 designers. One hundred ten practising designers responded. The majority of the respondents remain sceptical about the potential for AM as a process for series production, citing cost and technical capabilities as key barriers. Only 23 reported experience in designing components for series production using AM, with the majority of these designing parts to be produced from plastic. The survey revealed that these designers have developed their own ‘design rules’ based primarily on personal experience. These rules, however, tended to focus on ensuring ‘printability’ and did not provide support for taking advantage of the unique capabilities of AM processes. The designers tended to treat AM processes as a uniform set of production processes, and so the design rules they used were generic and not directed to the capabilities of specific AM processes

Modification of GLEAMS for Modeling Movement of Organic Contaminants from Land-Applied Biosolids

Municipal biosolids are commonly applied to agricultural lands as fertilizer, but this also poses potential risks to groundwater and surface water quality from constituents that may be mobilized during storm events. In the present study, an existing model, Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems (GLEAMS), is modified to predict the fate and transport of organic contaminants from land-applied biosolids, primarily via addition of a labile biosolids organic carbon phase distinct from soil organic carbon. While capable of simulating contaminant transport in runoff and via percolation, only the runoff portion of the model was able to be calibrated using existing experimental data, and showed good agreement with field runoff data for acetaminophen, ibuprofen, triclosan, triclocarban, and estrone, but substantially under-predicted concentrations for carbamazepine, androstenedione, and progesterone. The model is applied to various scenarios using varied chemical properties, application date in the arid west, and application method (i.e., surface spreading vs. incorporation). Chemicals with longer half-lives and lower KOCs exhibited higher losses in runoff than chemicals with shorter half-lives and higher KOCs. For short half-life chemicals (i.e., ≤100 days), application at the beginning of the dry season resulted in the lowest losses. However, for long half-life chemicals (∼1000 days) with high KOC (10,000–100,000), application during the rainy season resulted in the lowest losses, because this caused organic carbon to be high during the period of highest runoff. While further work is necessary to calibrate the percolation and subsurface transport portion, the model can help predict environmental risk from land-application of biosolids, highlight gaps in our knowledge about how chemicals are mobilized and transported from biosolids, and help identify management practices that result in minimal impacts to water quality

The custom-made titanium orbital floor prosthesis in reconstruction for orbital floor fractures

The custom-made titanium orbital floor prosthesis in reconstruction for orbital floor fracture

An investigation of three-dimensional scanning of human body surfaces and its use in the design and manufacture of prostheses

The capture of highly accurate data describing the complex surfaces of the human body may prove extremely useful in many medical situations. The data provide a method of measuring and recording changes to the surface of a patient's soft tissue. The data may be applied to computer-controlled manufacturing techniques, such as rapid prototyping (RP). This enables accurate physical replicas of the patient topography to be produced. Such models may be used as an aid in the design and manufacture of prostheses. This paper describes an investigation aimed at identifying problems that may be encountered when scanning patients and describes the application of the resulting data in the design and manufacture of facial prostheses. The results of the experiment are presented together with a discussion of the accuracy and potential advantages afforded by this approach

Questionnaire study to gain an insight into the manufacturing and fitting process of artificial eyes in children: an ocularist perspective

Purpose To gain an insight into the manufacturing and fitting of artificial eyes in children and potential improvements to the process. Method An online qualitative survey was distributed to 39 ocularists/prosthetists in Europe and Canada. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling, specifically maximum variation sampling from the researcher’s contacts and an online search. Results The findings highlighted the current impression technique as being the most difficult yet most important part of the current process for both the ocularist and child patient. Negatively affecting obtaining a good impression, the child patients distress can be reduced by their parents by providing encouragement, reassurance, practicing the insertion and removal of the artificial eye and being matter of fact. Whilst improvements to the current process provided mixed views, the incorporation of current technology was perceived as not being able to meet the requirements to produce aesthetically pleasing artificial eyes. Conclusion The current artificial eye process can be seen as an interaction with its success being dependent on the child patient’s acceptance and adjustment which is dependent on the factors associated to the process. Investigation into the needs of the patient and whether technology can improve the process are the next steps in its advancement

Traditional and Health-Related Philanthropy: The Role of Resources and Personality

I study the relationships of resources and personality characteristics to charitable giving, postmortem organ donation, and blood donation in a nationwide sample of persons in households in the Netherlands. I find that specific personality characteristics are related to specific types of giving: agreeableness to blood donation, empathic concern to charitable giving, and prosocial value orientation to postmortem organ donation. I find that giving has a consistently stronger relation to human and social capital than to personality. Human capital increases giving; social capital increases giving only when it is approved by others. Effects of prosocial personality characteristics decline at higher levels of these characteristics. Effects of empathic concern, helpfulness, and social value orientations on generosity are mediated by verbal proficiency and church attendance.