The IARC Perspective on Colorectal Cancer Screening

Colorectal cancer, which is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common in women, represents almost 10% of the annual global cancer incidence. Incidence rates of colorectal cancer show a strong positive gradient with an increasing level of economic development. Even so, the net 5-year rate of survival decreases with lower levels of income, with rates reaching 60% in high-income countries but falling to 30% or less in low-income countries. Established risk factors for colorectal cancer include consumption of processed meats, consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco smoking, and excess body fat, whereas consumption of dietary fiber and dairy products and increased levels of physical activity decrease the risk. In addition, certain subgroups of the population are at increased risk owing to genetic predisposition (e.g., the Lynch syndrome), a family or personal history of colorectal neoplasia, or medical conditions (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease) that have been associated with colorectal cancer

O RETORNO DA OVINOCULTURA AO CENÁRIO PRODUTIVO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

This review aims to conduct a historical analysis of the production chain of sheep in the Rio Grande do Sul, for this purpose we studied the market before the crisis laneira, the late 80s, and the return of productivity after the change in the focus of production. The sheep were introduced in Brazil in the sixteenth century, but only in the twentieth century the activity generated economic development in Rio Grande do Sul, in this period the main product was exploited wool. However, in the late 80s was the beginning of the crisis in the sector laneiro, mainly caused by an increase in inventories of wool from Australia, the marketing of synthetic fabrics and global crises and collapses. Currently identified is the return of the sheep production industry dedicated to meat eating as a result of factors such as the increased purchasing power of the population and adapt to new consumer habits that lead to appreciation for sheep meat. The trends for this market are promising. However, there are some barriers to growth, as the disorder of the sector and the lack of standardization of products. For the state to become major producer of sheep meat is necessary to organize the sector, from production to distribution channels.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/223611708801 Esta revisão tem como objetivo realizar uma análise histórica sobre a cadeia produtiva de ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul, com essa finalidade estudou-se o mercado anterior a crise laneira, do final dos anos 80, e o retorno da produtividade após a mudança no foco da produção. Os ovinos foram introduzidos no Brasil no século XVI, mas apenas no século XX a atividade gerou desenvolvimento econômico no Rio Grande do Sul, nesse período o principal produto explorado era a lã. Porém, no final da década de 80 ocorreu o início da crise do setor laneiro, causada principalmente pelo aumento dos estoques de lã da Austrália, da comercialização de tecidos sintéticos e de crises e colapsos mundiais. Atualmente é identificado o retorno da produção ovina voltada ao setor cárneo em decorrência de fatores como, o aumento do poder aquisitivo da população e adaptação a novos hábitos de consumo que levam a apreciação pela carne ovina. As tendências para esse mercado são promissoras. No entanto, existem alguns entraves ao crescimento, como a desordem do setor e a falta de padronização dos produtos. Para o Estado tornar-se grande produtor de carne ovina é preciso organizar o setor, desde a produção até os canais de distribuição

ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS DE Blepharocalyx, Nectandra e Piper: ATIVIDADE SOBRE FUNGOS APODRECEDORES DE MADEIRA

This study aimed to use digital image processing to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils (EOs) from Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Myrtaceae), Nectandra grandiflora (Lauraceae), Nectandra megapotamica (Lauraceae) and Piper gaudichaudianum (Piperaceae) on wood decay fungi. A white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor, and a brown-rot fungus, Gloeophyllum trabeum, were selected. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and chemically characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of the EOs was evaluated by the Petri plate diffusion test. The inhibition verification was calculated with the aid of digital image processing, using ImageJ software. The predominant compounds of the B. salicifolius and P. gaudichaudianum extractives were eucalyptol and dillapiol, respectively. For the species of Nectandra, bicyclogermacrene was the most representative constituent of the N. megapotamica EO, whereas dehydrofuquinone was the major constituent of the EOs from N. grandiflora leaves and fruits. The highest growth inhibition of T. versicolor was caused by N. megapotamica EO. The highest inhibition percentages of G. trabeum were provided by P. gaudichaudianum and B. salicifolius extractives. Digital image processing was an effective tool for the accurate analysis of fungal growth.A busca por produtos naturais que possam substituir preservantes da madeira sintéticos é crescente. Dentre estes produtos, estão os óleos essenciais (OEs). Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica dos OEs de Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Nectandra grandiflora, Nectandra megapotamica e Piper gaudichaudianum, sobre os fungos apodrecedores de madeira Trametes versicolor e Gloeophyllum trabeum. Os OEs foram extraídos por hidrodestilação e foram caracterizados quimicamente. A atividade antifúngica dos OEs foi avaliada pelo teste de difusão em placas de Petri. A verificação da inibição foi calculada com auxílio do software ImageJ®. Os componentes majoritários dos OEs de B. salicifolius e P. gaudichaudianum foram eucaliptol e dilapiol, respectivamente. Biciclogermacreno foi o constituinte majoritário do óleo essencial (OE) de folhas de N. megapotamica, enquanto que a deidrofuquinona foi majoritária nos OEs de folhas e frutos de N. grandiflora. A maior inibição do crescimento de T. versicolor foi causada pelo OE de N. megapotamica, com 31,4%. Os maiores percentuais de inibição observados sobre o crescimento de G. trabeum foram proporcionados pelos extrativos de P. gaudichaudianum e B. salicifolius, com 13,9 e 7,5%, respectivamente. Contudo, o resultado deste último não diferiu dos demais OEs avaliados. Os resultados indicaram que o extrativo de espécie de Nectandra que apresentou maior efeito sobre T. versicolor foi N. megapotamica. Entretanto, este gênero não foi tão eficiente contra G. trabeum. Palavras-chave: biciclogermacreno; deidrofuquinona; dilapiol; eucaliptol; Gloeophyllum trabeum; Trametes versicolor.   Blepharocalyx, Nectandra and Piper essential oils: activity on wood-decay fungi   ABSTRACT: The search for natural products that can replace synthetic wood preservatives is growing. Among these products are essential oils (EOs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of EOs from Blepharocalyx salicifolius , Nectandra grandiflora , Nectandra megapotamica  and Piper gaudichaudianum  on the wood-rotting fungi Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and chemically characterized. The antifungal activity of the EOs was evaluated by the Petri dish diffusion test. The inhibition verification was calculated using ImageJ® software. The major components of the EOs of B. salicifolius and P. gaudichaudianum were eucalyptol and dillapiol, respectively. Bicyclogermacrene was the major constituent of N. megapotamica leaves essential oil (EO), while dehydrofuquinone was the major constituent of the EOs from N. grandiflora leaves and fruits. The highest growth inhibition of T. versicolor was caused by N. megapotamica EO, with 31.4%. The highest inhibition percentages of G. trabeum growth were provided by P. gaudichaudianum and B. salicifolius extractives, with 13.9 and 7.5%, respectively. However, the result of the latter did not differ from the other EOs evaluated. The results indicated that, from the extractives of Nectandra species, the greatest effect on T. versicolor was detected to N. megapotamica EO. However, this genus was not so efficient against G. trabeum. Keywords: bicyclogermacrene; dehydrofuquinone; dillapiole; eucalyptol; Gloeophyllum trabeum; Trametes versicolor

Variabilidad de la composición química del aceite esencial de Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez (Lauraceae)

Este trabajo describe la variabilidad química del aceite esencial (AE) de N. megapotamica, utilizando análisis multivariado. Se colectaron hojas de tres individuos en una población en Santa Maria, Brasil, en cada estación durante un año y se clasificaron en hojas jóvenes y viejas. Los AE se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación y la composición química fue determinada por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Se realizó un análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico para formación de grupos químicos (GQ) y análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para verificar cuáles constituyentes influenciaron la formación de grupos. Inicialmente se observaron dos agrupamientos en el dendrograma debido a concentraciones de α-pineno y biciclogermacreno, constituyentes mayoritarios. En el segundo corte se discriminaron cinco GQ, siendo este también el número de componentes principales con valores propios superiores a 1. Los isómeros de asarona se observaron solamente en el AE de dos individuos (GQ5), constituyendo los principales elementos de diferenciación

REBALANCING DISRUPTIVE BUSINESS OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS WITHIN DEMOCRATIC AND INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP PROCESSES- REVIEW WORKING PAPER

The purpose of this working paper is to conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature that explores the relationship between business organizations and democracy. This review draws from various fields, including management, business ethics, sociology, international law, and other relevant disciplines for this Project and has several objectives. Firstly, it aims to provide insight into prior research on how democratic institutions regulate economic actors and how these actors, particularly large multinational corporations (MNCs), resist such regulation. Additionally, it examines how these economic actors develop behaviors and economic models that pose challenges to democratic governance, such as business-related human rights violations. In the initial part of the review, we delve into the historical and contemporary aspects of the relationship between business and democracy. Furthermore, the report explores how companies can contribute to shaping a more democratic future by addressing gaps in governance, especially in cases where populist governments fail to protect the rights of their citizens. It also considers the development of alternative business models, such as social enterprises and cross-sector partnerships. Moreover, it looks into how businesses can actively engage in democratic governance and promote principles of participation. The final section of the working paper involves a bibliometric analysis, including co authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence maps. This analysis is based on key references used by team members in their literature reviews and is designed to examine the connections that exist among various strands of research that support the research questions of the Rebalance Project

Consideration of the bioavailability of metal/metalloid species in freshwaters: experiences regarding the implementation of biotic ligand model-based approaches in risk assessment frameworks

After the scientific development of Biotic Ligand Models (BLMs) in recent decades these models are now considered suitable for implementation in regulatory risk assessment of metals in freshwater bodies. The approach has been developed over several years and has been described in many peer-reviewed publications. The original complex BLMs have been applied in prospective risk assessment reports for metals and metal compounds and are also recommended as suitable concepts for the evaluation of monitoring data in the context of the European Water Framework Directive. Currently, several user-friendly BLM-based bioavailability software tools are available for assessing the aquatic toxicity of a limited number of metals (mainly copper, nickel, and zinc). These tools need only a basic set of water parameters as input (e.g., pH, hardness, dissolved organic matter and dissolved metal concentration). Such tools seem appropriate to foster the implementation in routine water quality assessments. This work aims to review the existing bioavailability-based regulatory approaches and the application of available BLM-based bioavailability tools for this purpose. Advantages and possible drawbacks of these tools (e.g., feasibility, boundaries of validity) are discussed, and recommendations for further implementation are given

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis