Electrocardiography and echocardiography in athletic heart imagining

The aim of the study was evaluation of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in athletes. „Athletic heart” characteristics were compared with fit persons’ heart. 96 athletes participated in the study. Sportsmen were divided into: static (S), dynamic (D) and composite (SD) exercise groups and Polish (I), European (II), World (III) champions. 30 students from Sport Academy formed the control group (K). Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination were performed in everyone. As regards the type of exercise, the end-systolic left ventricular (LV) dimension was smaller in S in comparison with D and SD (28.9 vs 32.2 and 32.68 mm; P<0.05). LV mass was bigger in D in comparison with K (273.2 vs 218.6 g; P<0.05). Medium Pulmonary Artery Pressure (MPAP) in S and SD was lower in respect to D and K (11.75; 11.08 vs 15.52; 17.43 mm Hg; P<0.05). We observed lower heart rate in D, SD in comparison with K (58.64; 60.54 vs 68.8; P<0.05), bigger R wave amplitude in V5 (RV5) (21.65; 23.5 vs 15.03 mm; P<0.05) and V6 (RV6) (23.5 vs 15.3 mm; P<0.05) in group S in respect to K. LV mass was bigger in III than in K (261.3 vs 218.6 g; P<0.05). MPAP was lower in I and II in comparison with K (11.42; 13.13 vs 17.43 mmHg; P<0.05). HR was lower in categories I, II than in K (61.32; 60.13 vs 68.8; P<0.05), RV5 was bigger in I in comparison with K (19.5 vs 15.03 mm; P<0.05). The electrocardiography and echocardiography proves to find some significant differences between athletic and fit persons’ heart especially as concerns MPAP, RV5, RV6 values

Operating costs in a small transport company

W artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia kosztów działalności przedsiębiorstw transportowych. Przedstawiono ogólny podział kosztów transportu znany z literatury, a także podziały wprowadzone przez odpowiednie uregulowania ustawowe. W rozważaniach podjętych w artykule posłużono się rodzajowym podziałem kosztów. Na podstawie dostępnych opracowań przedstawiono proporcje tych kosztów charakterystyczne dla dużych firm transportowych. W pracy zaprezentowano także proporcje kosztów rodzajowych występujące w reprezentatywnej jednoosobowej firmie transportowej będącej obiektem badań. Dokonano porównania obu proporcji. W konkluzji zwrócono uwagę na znacznie słabszą pozycję małych firm transportowych, czego skutkiem jest przede wszystkim większy udział kosztów ponoszonych na rzecz zewnętrznych firm usługowych.The article deals with the problem of operating costs of transport companies. It presents the overall distribution of transport costs known from the literature, as well as the divisions introduced by the relevant statutory regulations. In the considerations made in the article a generic cost-sharing was used. On the basis of available studies the proportion of those costs typical for large transport companies was shown. The study also shows the proportion of these costs occurring in a representative single-transport company which was the subject of research. A comparison of the both proportions was carried out. In conclusion, attention was drawn to a much weaker position of small transport companies, resulting primarily from higher share of costs of external service companies