Regeneration potential of different explants during micropropagation of neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)

Azadirachta indica A. Juss., (Neem), a prodigious multipurpose tree, has immense potential to benefit mankind and to protect the environment. In order to investigate the effects of three different explants for its regeneration potential, de embryonated cotyledon, immature zygotic embryo and nodal segments from a 30 year old neem plus tree were used. Half strength MS medium with benzyl amino purine (3 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (0.5 mg/L) and casein hydrolysate (1 g/L) was effective in shoot bud sprouting from both nodes and cotyledons. Half strength MS medium fortified with TDZ (0.2 mg/L) was effective for induction of somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos. Shoot buds initiated from the cotyledons produced a maximum number of shoots per explants (4.33) which on further sub culturing induced maximum multiple shoots (15) on half strength MS medium fortified with BAP (1.5 mg/L), NAA (0.5 mg/L) and CH (400 g /L) and the nodal explants induced only 4-5 axillary shoots on further sub culturing. Even though immature zygotic embryos produced more number of somatic embryos per explant (24.97) within a short time (30-45 days), the plantlet conversion was poor (25.52 %). In vitro rooting was observed in half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (2 mg/L). The regeneration potential of de embryonated cotyledons through a simple regeneration system may be beneficial for efficient mass propagation of selected plus trees of neem

Evaluation of Hypolipidemic Activity of Flower of Lantana Camara used against Triton Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats

Hyperlipidemia is a disorder of lipid metabolism manifested by increase of plasma concentrations of the various lipid and lipoprotein fractions such as increase of serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG) concentrations, and a decrease in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. Hyperlipidemia is the key risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and has been reported as the most common cause of death in developed as well as developing nations. Hyperlipidemia may be caused by specific genetic abnormalities called primary hyperlipidemia or may be idiopathic caused by lifestyle habits or medical diseases such as diabetes, kidney disease, pregnancy, hypothyroidism and heart disease. Hyperlipidemia prevalence continued to increase annually, requiring the development of drugs capable of lowering blood lipids to reduce mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular complications. Although synthetic lipid-lowering drugs are useful in treating hyperlipidemia, there are number of adverse effects. So, the current interest has stimulated the search for new lipid-lowering agents with minimal side effects from natural sources. Herbal medicines are the oldest remedies known to mankind. Herbs had been used by all cultures throughout history. In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and these drugs are gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects when comparing other styleaf medicine. India being the botanical garden of the world with more than 2400 medicinal plants out of 21000 species being listed by WHO, is the largest producer of medicinal plants around the globe. Lantana camara is a large, evergreen tree, 10-15m in height, indigenous to the evergreen forests at altitude of 450-1, 200m and cultivated throughout the hotter parts of India. Leaf of this plant is straight rough whereas bark is green or black, 1.25cm thick, exuding milky latex, leaves broad obovate, elliptic, decurrent, glabrous, entire inflorescence solitary axillaries, cauliforous and ramflours on short leafy shoots. Male head is sessile or on short peduncles receptacles, sometimes born on the ultimate twing, Female head are oblong ovoid receptacle, syncarpus, cylindrics. Seeds are separated horny endocarpus enclosed by sub-gelatinous exocarpus (1mm thick) oblong ellipsoid in nature. The sweet yellow sheaths around the seeds are about 3-5 mm thick and have a taste similar to that of pineapple, but milder and less juicy. Even though it is well known for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties there are no evidences regarding the anti-hyperlipidaemic effect of the leaf hence our study has its relevance. The biggest organ in the body is the "LIVER" and it is likewise fills in as the essential metabolic organ of the body. In spite of the fact that the liver is comprised of various cells like hepatocytes, endothelial, kupffer and stellate cells are the most dominating with critical capacities. Another most essential one of a kind component of the liver is its capacity to recover. Well grown-up liver (i.e. Grown-up) is the standard organ accountable for detoxifying and metabolizing, exogeneous/endogenous mixes, rendering them more hydrophilic, which as often as possible impact their force and action. Liver infections are the genuine restorative issues went up against by the people wherever all through the world. The epidemiological review demonstrates that around 20,000 passings happen reliably in light of liver issue. In Africa and Asia, the major driver of liver maladies are contaminations by infection and parasite, while in Europe and in North America, a vital reason is liquor manhandle. Liver ailments are primarily realized by deadly chemicals, over the top affirmation of ceaseless liquor, diseases and immune syleafissue. Hepatic harm by over measurements of drug appears, from every angle, to be a run of the mill contributing component. Liver is required to do physiological limits and additionally to guarantee against the perilous of dangerous drugs and chemicals. Prescription impelled substance damage is accountable for 5% of each mending focus attestation and half of all serious liver disappointment. Over 75% of episodes of specific prescription reactions achieve liver transplantation or death

Development of SphagneticolaTrilobata Flowers Extract Coated Urinary Catheters: Determining Its Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Urinary catheters are regularly used withinside the elderly for each short- or long-term. The biofilm formation occurs on the catheters and leads to urinary tract infection. The present study focus on the development of Sphagneticolatrilobata coated catheters for the prevention of urinary tract infections (UTI). Bioactive compounds were extracted using methanol and MIC was determined. Biofilm inhibition assay was determined by Fluorescent microscopic analysis. 7.5mg/ml extracts showed 13mm against E. coli and 14mm against S. aureus. The extract-coated catheter showed a significant reduction in biofilms from the fluorescent microscopic analysis. Hence Sphagneticolatrilobataflower extract coated catheters can be used to prevent biofilm colonization and urinary tract infections.</jats:p

Prevalence and risk factors for bacterial skin infection and mortality in cirrhosis

Background. Bacterial infections are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality in cirrhosis. The common practice of outdoor barefoot walking in the developing world may predispose cirrhotic individuals to skin infection.Aims. To determine the prevalence, risk factors, spectrum of infective organism and outcome of bacterial skin infection in cirrhosis.Methods. Consecutive newly diagnosed patients with cirrhosis (n = 200) between September 2007 and September 2008 were studied. Patients with congestive heart failure (n = 50) and chronic kidney disease (n = 50) on follow up at the same institution served as controls. Baseline demographic details, history of outdoor barefoot walking, details of skin infection along with cultures from skin and blood were obtained. The association between patient factors and risk of skin infection was evaluated using logistic regression.Results. Alcoholism was the predominant etiology for cirrhosis. (50%) Most of them were of Child B cirrhosis. Walking on barefoot was found to be similar in cases and controls. 21(10.5%) patients with cirrhosis had skin infection, three fourth of them had a history of barefoot walking. None of the controls had skin infection. Cellulitis with hemorrhagic bullae, leg ulcers, infected callosity and abscess were observed. The infective organism could be isolated in 17 patients. Escherichia coli was the most frequent organism identified. Logistic regression showed outdoor barefoot walking and serum albumin < 2.5 gm/dL as risk factors for skin infection. Four patients died.Conclusion. The prevalence of skin infection in cirrhosis was 10.5% with a mortality of 19%. Escherichia coli was the commonly implicated organism. Outdoor barefoot walking was a strong risk factor for skin infection in cirrhosis

Preterm Birth: A Review of Its Early Diagnosis and Prevention

Preterm birth, a major global healthcare concern, is characterized by infants being born before completing 37 weeks of gestation. Accurate diagnosis and effective interventions are critical to managing this complex issue. This abstract provides an overview of the diagnosis and prevention of preterm birth, focusing on risk assessment, diagnostic techniques, and various interventions for mothers and newborns. The diagnostic process involves evaluating risk factors, clinical history, and the assessment of potential membrane rupture. Techniques such as speculum examination, the Nitrazine test, the Fern test, ultrasonography, and the Placental Alpha Microglobulin-1 test play vital roles in identifying membrane rupture and infection. Additional diagnostic markers include cervical ultrasonography and fetal fibronectin testing. Prevention strategies include lifestyle changes, maternal therapies, and antenatal interventions. Smoking cessation programs, low-dose aspirin, antenatal corticosteroid therapy, progesterone supplementation, magnesium sulfate, and antibiotic treatment are employed to reduce the risk of preterm birth. Cervical cerclage, another surgical intervention, is recommended in specific cases. For preterm newborns, immediate and effective care is vital. This includes thermal care, early breastfeeding, infection prevention, and respiratory distress syndrome management. These interventions are crucial in reducing infant mortality and morbidity associated with preterm birth. Efforts to diagnose and prevent preterm birth are essential in improving the well-being of both mothers and their newborns. A comprehensive approach, combining accurate diagnosis and effective interventions, can make a significant impact in reducing the burden of preterm birth on healthcare systems and families. Keywords: Preterm birth, infants, gestation, potential membrane ruptur

Regeneration potential of different explants during micropropagation of neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)

Azadirachta indica A. Juss., (Neem), a prodigious multipurpose tree, has immense potential to benefit mankind and to protect the environment. In order to investigate the effects of three different explants for its regeneration potential, de embryonated cotyledon, immature zygotic embryo and nodal segments from a 30 year old neem plus tree were used. Half strength MS medium with benzyl amino purine (3 mg/L) and naphthalene acetic acid (0.5 mg/L) and casein hydrolysate (1 g/L) was effective in shoot bud sprouting from both nodes and cotyledons. Half strength MS medium fortified with TDZ (0.2 mg/L) was effective for induction of somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos. Shoot buds initiated from the cotyledons produced a maximum number of shoots per explants (4.33) which on further sub culturing induced maximum multiple shoots (15) on half strength MS medium fortified with BAP (1.5 mg/L), NAA (0.5 mg/L) and CH (400 g /L) and the nodal explants induced only 4-5 axillary shoots on further sub culturing. Even though immature zygotic embryos produced more number of somatic embryos per explant (24.97) within a short time (30-45 days), the plantlet conversion was poor (25.52 %). In vitro rooting was observed in half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (2 mg/L). The regeneration potential of de embryonated cotyledons through a simple regeneration system may be beneficial for efficient mass propagation of selected plus trees of neem.</jats:p