Correlates of Choice of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan

Since 1965, contraceptive use rate has been slowly increasing in Pakistan. In 1984-85, contraceptive ever use rate was 11.8 percent and current use rate was 9.1 percent [Government of Pakistan (1986)]. These use rates increased to 20.7 percent and 11.8 percent respectively in 1990-91 [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)]. However, use rates did not increase as expected. Pakistan’s Population Welfare Programme adopted many strategies to increase the use rate of contraceptive methods but although knowledge of contraceptive methods increased to 77.9 percent [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)], use rate remained low. One of the major reasons was inadequate coverage of service delivery. Contraceptive method of choice out of the available variety of contraceptive methods ensures continuation of use and reduces the drop-out rate [Jain (1992)]. The needs and values of individuals change over time and any one method cannot be suitable to an individual’s need all the time. So if more than one method is available, and acceptor can switch over to a more suitable method of choice if the first (or previous) method of choice becomes unacceptable. Also the client’s satisfaction with the method of choice is very important. Clients are best satisfied when they get the methods of their choice from a broad variety or ‘mix’ of contraceptive methods offered on a reliable basis.

Influence of Electric Charge and Modified Gravity on Density Irregularities

This work aims to identify some inhomogeneity factors for plane symmetric topology with anisotropic and dissipative fluid under the effects of both electromagnetic field as well as Palatini $f(R)$ gravity. We construct the modified field equations, kinematical quantities and mass function to continue our analysis. We have explored the dynamical quantities, conservation equations and modified Ellis equations with the help of a viable $f(R)$ model. Some particular cases are discussed with and without dissipation to investigate the corresponding inhomogeneity factors. For non-radiating scenario, we examine such factors with dust, isotropic and anisotropic matter in the presence of charge. For dissipative fluid, we investigate the inhomogeneity factor with charged dust cloud. We conclude that electromagnetic field increases the inhomogeneity in matter while the extra curvature terms make the system more homogeneous with the evolution of time.Comment: 28 pages, no figure, version accepted for publication in European Physical Journal

Role of f(R,T,RμνTμν)f(R,T,R_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu}) Model on the Stability of Cylindrical Stellar Model

The aim of this paper is to investigate the stable/unstable regimes of the non-static anisotropic filamentary stellar models in the framework of $f(R,T,R_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})$ gravity. We construct the field equations and conservation laws in the perspective of this gravity. The perturbation scheme is applied to analyze the behavior of a particular $f(R,T,R_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})$ cosmological model on the evolution of cylindrical system. The role of adiabatic index is also checked in the formulations of instability regions. We have explored the instability constraints at Newtonian and post-Newtonian limits. Our results reinforce the significance of adiabatic index and dark source terms in the stability analysis of celestial objects in modified gravity.Comment: 29 pages, no figure, version accepted for publication in European Physical Journal

Existence of Compact Structures in f(R,T)f(R,T) Gravity

The present paper is devoted to investigate the possible emergence of relativistic compact stellar objects through modified $f(R,T)$ gravity. For anisotropic matter distribution, we used Krori and Barura solutions and two notable and viable $f(R,T)$ gravity formulations. By choosing particular observational data, we determine the values of constant in solutions for three relativistic compact star candidates. We have presented some physical behavior of these relativistic compact stellar objects and some aspects like energy density, radial as well as transverse pressure, their evolution, stability, measure of anisotropy and energy conditions.Comment: 27 pages, 13 figures, version accepted for publication in European Physical Journal

Correlates of Choice of Contraceptive Methods in Pakistan

Since 1965, contraceptive use rate has been slowly increasing in Pakistan. In 1984-85, contraceptive ever use rate was 11.8 percent and current use rate was 9.1 percent [Government of Pakistan (1986)]. These use rates increased to 20.7 percent and 11.8 percent respectively in 1990-91 [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)]. However, use rates did not increase as expected. Pakistan’s Population Welfare Programme adopted many strategies to increase the use rate of contraceptive methods but although knowledge of contraceptive methods increased to 77.9 percent [National Institute of Population Studies (1992)], use rate remained low. One of the major reasons was inadequate coverage of service delivery. Contraceptive method of choice out of the available variety of contraceptive methods ensures continuation of use and reduces the drop-out rate [Jain (1992)]. The needs and values of individuals change over time and any one method cannot be suitable to an individual’s need all the time. So if more than one method is available, and acceptor can switch over to a more suitable method of choice if the first (or previous) method of choice becomes unacceptable. Also the client’s satisfaction with the method of choice is very important. Clients are best satisfied when they get the methods of their choice from a broad variety or ‘mix’ of contraceptive methods offered on a reliable basis [Jain (1992)]